PE 1109 
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1844 
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I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.? 

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! UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ! 



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PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 

OP 

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE; 

OB, AM 

INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITION; 

IN WHICH 

THE CONSTRUCTIONS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 
PREDICATIONS AND PHRASES. 



BY EDWARD HAZEN, A.M. 

it 

AUTHOR OF '' THB SYMBOLICAL SPELLING-BOOK," " THE SPELLER AND DEFIN5B," 

AND " THE PANORAMA OF PROFESSIONS AND TRADES, 

OE POPULAR TECHNOLOGjr." 



NEW YORK: 
HUNTINGTON AND SAVAGE, 216 PEARL STREET. 



1844. 




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Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1844, 

By EDWARD HAZEN, 

in the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York. 



STEREOTYPED BY REDFIELD & SAVAGE, 
13 Chambers Street^ New York. 



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PREFACE. 



English Grammar is generally acknowledged to be in- 
dispensable to a good education ; yet almost every individ- 
ual who has made it a study, would acknowledge that he 
has not derived from his labor tiiat aid in writing and speak- 
ing the language, which he had reason to expect. In a 
majority of cases pupils fail to acquire a tolerable knowl- 
edge of the science, and a far greater number fail to ap- 
ply what they may have learned to practical purposes. 
It is very surprising, that, under such discouraging results, 
teachers do not more generally suspect that the prevailing 
system is radically defective, and that their method of in- 
struction must be exceedingly bad. 

Many grammarians have seen the futility of the usual 
grammatic course, and, in their attempts to amend it, have 
proposed changes and improvements which correspond with 
their views of its errors and defects. Some have proposed 
a new nomenclature ; others have changed the formula of 
parsing and order of arrangement. Still, no other branch 
of learning is so badly taught, and no other branch is so 
heartily despised from youth to old age. 

The prevailing system of grammar, however, is not so 
erroneous as it is defective. It embraces a classification 
of the parts of speech, etymological definitions, and rules 
of syntax, as well as good formulas of parsing, that may 
be made the basis of a philosophical and efficient system. 

Our language, in common with every other, is composed 
of distinct associations of the parts of speech, which are de- 
nominated constructions, and the chief object in studying 
grammar is to acquire a theoretical and practical knowl- 



IV PREFACE. 



edge of these associations. But, as the subject is usually 
presented, pupils are left without adequate means to gain 
a distinct conception of their true character. 

The author of this work has discovered that, in the Eng- 
lish language, there are twenty-six constructions : viz. live 
predications^ twenty suh-predicaiions, or phrases, formed 
from the predications, and one other phrase constituted by a 
preposition and a noun or pronoun in the objective case. 
He has presented these associations in their natural order, 
given to each a name, which indicates the elements compos- 
ing it, and supplied the etymology and syntax necessary 
for the grammatic solution. 

The five predications are first explained and illustrated. 
These being understood, the pupil will be prepared to com- 
prehend the theory of the sub-predications, which are 
solved on the same general principles. The theory of 
English Grammar has been thus reduced to the utmost 
simplicity, and divested of that mysterious character which 
arises from presenting these associations in a promiscuous 
manner. 

In naming the constructions; but twelve terms are em- 
ployed, nearly all of which are used in every system of 
a:rammar. 



TERMS EMPLOYED IN NAMING THE CONSTRUCTIONS. 

PREDICATION, TRANSITIVE, ADJECTIVE, 

PHRASE, INTRANSITIVE, PARTICIPIAL, 

PREPOSITIONAL, PASSIVE, GERUNDIVE, 

POST, SUBSTANTIVE, INFINITIVE. 

These terms may be all seen in their several combina- 
tions, with examples for illustration, on pages 164-5-6, to 
which the reader is requested to refer. Grammarians of 
the old school can learn the constructions, together with 
the names which designate them, in one hour ; and pupils 
experience no difficulty in understanding them thoroughly, 
as they occur in the course of study. 



PREFACE. 



Much has been said and written on the philosophy of lan- 
guage ; but if the constructions of the language, properly- 
displayed, do not comprise the chief part of its philosophy, 
the author does not understand what is meant by the term 
as applied to language. He is confirmed in this view by 
the fact that we learn to speak the language by its con- 
structions in infancy, and continue to use it in every way 
on the sam.e principle. 

The etymological definitions and rules of syntax of this 
grammar do not vary essentially from those commonly 
taught, although some errors have been corrected in both. 
A few rules of syntax have been added, especially such as 
apply to the gerundive (participial noun), and to the nom- 
inative case after the intransitive participle, and the intran- 
sitive verb in the infinitive mode. 

Especial attention has been bestowed on the conjunction. 
This part of speech has never before been fully explained 
and illustrated, and those who have learned to apply words 
of this kind appropriately, have been guided almost exclu- 
sively by good usage, which they have been compelled to 
gather, as best they could, from accidental sources. In 
the use of this part of speech, writers fail r more than in that 
of all the others combined, and here also they are least 
aware of their deficiencies. 

In addition to the improvements in theory which have just 
been described, the author has superadded examples for 
illustration which of themselves constitute a complete sy- 
nopsis of the language, and serve as models for imitation in 
writing, and for extemporaneous utterance. These exam- 
ples embrace a great variety of words, and correct modes 
of expressing thoughts of daily occurrence. 

The ordinary method of instruction originated with clas- 
sical teachers who relied chiefly on the Latin and Greek 
to communicate a knowledge of the English language. The 
mere English pupil has not, therefore, been supplied with 
adequate means for learning his own language. He is 



VI PREFACE. 



merely taught, and that too in a very imperfect manner, 
how it should be written and spoken, and not to write and 
speak it himself. Hence very few persons who are ac- 
counted good grammarians can construct the language 
with tolerable accuracy. 

The art of composition can be- learned only by much 
practice, which, at first, must be simple and elementary, or 
very few pupils will be found equal to it. In this grammar 
they are to begin with two parts of speech, and proceed 
step by step through the various constructions and their 
several combinations. 

To aid pupils in constructing examples after models, 
some book of definitions, in which the words are classified 
according to the parts of speech, will be found necessary ; 
and, as '• The Speller and Definer'' is the only work in 
which they are thus arranged, it is the only one which can 
be recommended for this purpose. Every time a word is 
introduced into any association, it should be slightly marked 
with a lead pencil. By this means the too frequent use of 
the same words may be avoided, and pupils may be thereby 
compelled to employ a greater variety. Every class of 
models should be also imitated by extemporaneous utter- 
ance. These exercises are the best that can be devised to 
discipline mind, to make practical orthographists, to teach 
the exact meaning and application of words, and to give a 
command of language. 

By a careful examination of this work, it will be per- 
ceived, that ample means are afforded for learning not only 
the theory, but the art, of grammar, so far as the construc- 
tion of simple and compound sentences are concerned. 
Having completed the study of the language thus far, 
pupils will meet with but few difficulties in composing 
articles on any subject which they may understand. 

New York, April 20, 1844. 



CONTENTS 



F40E.. 

Orthography .10 

Etymology . 13 

The Noun, or Substantive . . . • . .14 

Syntax 18 

The Article 19 

The Noun and the Article 20 

The Adjective 28 

Numeral Adjectives ••••••« 34 

The Pronoun 35 

The Personal Pronouns 38 

The Adjective Pronouns • • • • • .41 

The Verb 46 

The Participle 49 

Classification of Constructions . . . . . 51 

The Intransitive Predication ...... 54 

The Intransitive Post-adjective Predication ... 63 

The Intransitive Post-substantive Predication ... 63 

The Transitive Predication 74 

The Passive Predication 84 

Irregular Verbs .••••••. 89 

Impersonal Verbs .,.•••.. 95 
The Adverb ........ 97 

The Interjection . .105 

Apposition ......••• 106 

The Independent Case 108, 137 



CONTENTS. 



The Preposition . 

The Phrases 

Classification of Phrases 

Prepositional Phrases 

Participial Phrases 

Gerundive Phrases 

Prepositional Gerundive Phrases 

Infinitive Phrases 

Punctuation 

The Conjunction 

Additive Conjunctions 

Alternative Conjunctions 

Correspondive Conjunctions 

Adversative Conjunctions 

Causative Conjunctions 

Inferential Conjunctions 

Adverbial Conjunctions 

Comparative Adverbial Conjunctions 

Conditional Conjunctions 

Pronouns resumed from page 44 

The Personal Pronouns 

The Possessive Personal Pronouns 

The Relative Pronouns 

The Interrogative Pronouns 

The Interrogative Adjective Pronouns 

The Compound Relative Pronouns 

The Adjective Pronouns 

Appendix .... 



PAGE- 

110 
111 
111 
111 
126 
139 
146 
151 
165 
171 
175 
175 
175 
205 
208 
209 
210 
215 
216 
225 
225 
226 
221 
234 
235 
236 
239 
240 



HAZEN'S 

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 



AND 



INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITION. 

PART I. 

LANGUAGE. 

Language is composed of sounds and words, the 
import of which has been estabhshed by usage. 

Language is either oral or written. It is said to be 
oral when spoken ; and written when expressed by 
letters or artificial signs. 

The various languages are usually designated by the 
name of the people who have used them ; as the Greek 
language, the French language, or the English language. 

GRAMMAR. 

Grammar is the science of language, and the art of 
speaking and writing with accuracy. 

It is denominated Universal Grammar, when the 
principles explained are appHcable to all languages ; and 
Particular Grammar, when they are applicable to a 
particular language. 



10 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



DIVISIONS OF GRAMMAR. 

Grammar is divided into four parts ; namely, 
Orthography, Syntax, 

Etymology, Prosody. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Orthography relates to the nature and power of let- 
ters, and to their combination in words. 

LETTERS. 

Letters are characters used in writing and printing, to 
represent articulate sounds. 

In the English alphabet there are twenty-six letters, 
some of which have several different sounds. 

The alphabet is divided into vowels and consonants. 

A vowel is a letter, the name of which constitutes a 
full, open sound. 

The vowels are a, e, i, o, u; and w and y, when they 
do not begin a syllable. 

A consonant is a letter which cannot be distinctly 
uttered without combining with it the sound of a vowel. 

W and y are consonants when they begin a syllable. 

Consonants are divided into mutes and semi-vowels. 

The mutes are 6, d, /c, p, 5, ty and c and g hard. 

The semi-vowels are/, j, /, m, n, r, 5, v, x, z, and c 
and g soft. 

i, m, n, r, are also denominated liquids. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



11 



THE ALPHABET MAY ALSO BE CLASSED AS IN 
THE FOLLOWING TABLE. 



A a^ 
E e 
I* i 
O o 

UfuJ 



VOWELS. 




LABIALS. 



HISSING LABIALS. 



NASALS. 




L 1 
T t 



PALATALS. 



C cl 

H h 

S s 
X X 
Z z 



> HISSING DENTALS. 



K k^ 

Q q 
R r 



y GUTTURALS. 




VOWELS OR 
CONSONANTS. 



* J is a consonant, when it has the sound of y before anoth" 
er vowel ; as in union, minton. 

t 17 is both a vowel and a consonant, when it has the 
sound of 3/w, as in i^seful. 



12 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



SYLLABLES. 

A syllable is a distinct sound uttered by a single im- 
pulse of the voice ; as ba, be, bat 

A diphthong is a union of two vowels in one syl- 
lable ; as ou in mowse. 

A triphthong is a union of three vowels in one sylla- 
ble ; as ieu in ^dieu. 

WORDS. 

A word is a sound, or combination of sounds, which 
is used in the expression of thought. 

A monosyllable is a word of one syllable. 

A dissyllable is a word of two syllables. 

A trisyllable is a word of three syllables. 

A polysyllable is a word of four or more syllables. 

DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES. 

Words have as many syllables as distinct sounds: and 
they should generally be divided as the sounds are 
heard in pronunciation. 

In writing or printing, a syllable should never be 
divided at the end of a line ; nor should a vowel be- 
ginning a word ever end a line* 



Note. — Tlie limited treatise on Orthography here given is deemed 
sufficient, since this branch of Grammar is commonly learned from 
spelling books, and by practice in writing words, without much regard 
to special rules for spelling. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



13 



ETYMOLOGY. 

Etymology relates to the classification, the modifica- 
tions, and the derivation of words. 

Words, in regard to form, are either primitive or 
derivative, simple or compound. 

A primitive word is one that cannot be reduced or 
traced to a more simple word in the language ; as, mariy 
good, cure. 

A derivative word is one that has been formed from a 
primitive word by adding one syllable or more; as, 
man4y, good-ness, curable. 

A simple word is one that is not combined with any 
other word ; as, man, good, cure. 

A compound word is one that has been formed by a 
imion of two or more entire words ; as, peace-maker. 

CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 

The words in the English language may be divided 
into nine classes, called parts of speech ; namely, 

Noun. Adverb. 

Article. Preposition. 

Adjecthte. Interjection. 

Pronoun. Conjunction. 

Verb. 



Note. — The classification of the parts of speech here adopted, is the 
one generally proposed. A more philosophical classification might have 
been chosen ; but to induce the teachers to consent to any considerable 
change in this particular, might require more argument than it would 
be worth, either to the author or to the public. 



2 



14 hazen's practical grammar. 



THE NOUN, OR SUBSTANTIVE. 

A noun is the name of any thing that can be made 
a subject of thought. 

Examples. 

Animal Virtue Motion 

Hero Patience Solitude 

Vessel Goodness Admittance 

Philip Gravity Concealment 

Nouns are divided into common, proper, and col- 
lective. 

COMMON NOUN. 
A common noun is a name applicable to a class of 



things. 










Examples. 




Man 


Field 


Paper 


Purity 


Child 


Town 


Carpet 


Magnitude 


Fowl 


Eiver 


Music 


Removal 


Horse 


Mountain 


Farmer 


Investment 



PROPER NOUN. 
A proper noun is a particular name of a thing, ap- 
plied to distinguish it from others of the same class. 

Examples. 

Charles Hannah More Europe 

Mary Robert FuUon Ohio 

July John Marshall Hudson 

Sunday Peter Little Andes 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



15 



COLLECTIVE NOUN. 
A collective noun is the name of a collection of ob- 
jects of the same kind. 

Examples. 



Mob 


School 


Library 


Clan 


Army 


Company 


Crew 


Party- 


Multitude 


Flock 


Family 


Legislature 


Gang 


Faction 


Committee 



VARIATIONS IN NOUNSr 

Nouns are varied in form or application by gender, 
number, person, and case. 

GENDER. 

Gender is a distinction in nouns with regard to sex. 

There are three genders ; the masculine, the feminine, 
and the neuter. 

The masculine gender denotes the male sex. 

The feminine gender denotes the female sex. 

The neuter gender denotes that the object is not dis- 
tinguished by sex. 



Masculine. 

Man 
King 
Lord 
Stag 
Actor 



xamples. 




Feminine. 


Neuter, 


Woman 


Book 


Queen 


Lamp 


Lady 


House 


Hind 


Motion 


Actress 


Lesson 



16 HAZEN'S 


PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 


METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE GENDER OF NOUNS. 


There are 


three 


methods of expressing the gender 


of nouns. 










1. By a change in the entire word. 








Examples. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Lad 


Lass 




Bull 


Cow 


Boy 


Girl 




Bullock 


Heifer 


Son 


Daughter 


Horse 


Mare 


Beau 


Belle 




Cock 


Hen 


King 


Queen 




Drake 


Duck 


Lord 


Lady 




Gander 


Goose 


Earl 


Countess 


Husband 


Wife 


Buck 


Doe 




Father 


Mother 


Uncle 


Aunt 




Brother 


Sister 


Nephew 


Niece 




Master 


Mistress 


Monk 


Nun 




Sloven 


Slut 


Hart 


Roe 




Wizard 


Witch 


Stag 


Hind 




Bachelor 


Maid 


2. By prefixing another word. 








Examples. 




Masculine. 






Feminine. 




A he-goat 






A she -go at 




A he-bear 






A she-bear 




A cock- sparrow 




A hen-sparrow 


A man-servant 




A maid-servant 


A male-child 




A female-child 


Male relations 




Female relat 


ions 


Male desc 


endants 




Female descendants 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 17 


3. By a 


difference of termination 
Examples. 




MaicuUne. 


Feminine. 


Masculine. 


Feminine, 


Heir 


Heiress 


Poet 


Poetess 


Host 


Hostess 


Prophet 


Prophetess 


Count 


Countess 


Tiger 


Tigress 


Jew 


Jewess 


Hunter 


Huntress 


Peer 


Peeress 


Songster 


Songstress 


Prince 


Princess 


Seamster 


Seamstress 


Shepherd 


Shepherdess 


Arbiter 


Arbitress 


Baron 


Baroness 


Enchanter 


Enchantress 


Deacon 


Deaconess 


Tailor 


Tailoress 


Lion 


Lioness 


Director 


Directress 


Patron 


Patroness 


Votary 


Votaress 


Actor 


Actress 


Viscount 


Viscountess 


Author 


Authoress 


Hero 


Heroine 


Tutor 


Tutress 


Landgrave 


Landgravine 


Traitor 


Traitoress 


Widower 


Widow 


Conductor 


Conductress 


Sultan 


Sultana 


Emperor 


Emperess 


Czar 


Czarina 


Elector 


Electress 


Bridegroom 


Bride 


Governor 


Governess 


Testator 


Testatrix 


Protector 


Protectress 


Executor 


Executrix 


Ambassador Ambassadress 


Administrator 


Administratrix 


Many words are applicable 


to objects which are either male 


or female; such as parent, child, teacher, friend 


cousin, &c. The 


sex of the individuals to which such words refer can often be | 


determined 


by the context ; but when this cannot be done, the i 


epithets masculine or feminine, or masculine alone, may be 


used in grammatic solution. 


When two persons of different 


sexes are expressed by one 


word, the terms masculine and 


feminine should be used. The words common and doubtful as 


applied to gender are exceptionable. 





2» 



18 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



NUMBER. 

Number is the individual or collective estimate of 
objects. 

There are two numbers; the singular and the plural. 
The singular number denotes but one object. 
The plural number denotes more than one object. 







Examples. 




Singular. 


Plural 


Singular. 


Plural. 


Man 


Men 


Lash 


Lashes 


Foot 


Feet 


Brush 


Brushes 


Hat 


Hats 


Knife 


Knives 


Book 


Books 


Child 


Children 



Person and case will be explained where the pupil will be 
more likely to understand their nature. 



SYNTAX. 



Syntax relates to the agreement and government of 
words, and to their appropriate arrangement in sen- 
tences. 

This part of grammar consists chiefly of rules dedu- 
ced from the customary forms of speech. 

A rule, in its general application, is a definite direction. 

An exception to a rule is a deviation from it in some 
particular case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



19 



ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX. 



THE ARTICLE. 

An article is a word placed before a noun to mod- 
ify its application. 

There are two articles, namely, a and the. 

A is called the indefinite article. It is used to bring 
the noun from its widest application to denote a single 
object of a class or kind. A becomes an before a 
vowel sound. 

The is called the definite article. It is used to bring 
the noun from its widest application to distinguish one 
object or more from all others. 





Examples. 




Singular 


Singular. 


Plural. 


A wolf 


The king 


The kings 


A beaver 


The camel 


The camels 


An hour 


The farmer 


The farmers 


An author 


The pyramid 


The pyramids 


A unit 


The example 


The examples 


A eulogy 


The Christian 


The Christians 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 

The article a or an belongs to nouns in the singular 
number. 

The article the belongs to nouns in the singular or 
plural number. 



20 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE NOUN AND THE ARTICLE. 

METHODS OF FORMING THE PLURAL OF NOUNS. 

The regular method of forming the plural of nouns, 
is by adding s, or es to their singular. 

When the singular ends in x, s^ ss, sh^ or ch soft, 
the plural is formed by adding es. 





Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


Singular. 


Plwal. 


Singular. 


Plural 


A tax 


The taxes 


A brush 


The brushes 


A box 


The boxes 


A branch 


The branches 


A gas 


The gases 


A batch 


The batches 


A kiss 


The kisses 


A crutch 


The crutches 


A lash 


The lashes 


A dish 


The dishes 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
A Tax — The Taxes. 

•/? is the indefinite article and belongs to tax. 

Rule. The article a or an belongs to nouns in the 
singular number. 

Tax is a common noun, neuter gender, and singular 
number. 

The is the definite article and belongs to taxes. 

Rule. The article the belongs to nouns in the singu- 
lar or plural number. 

Taxes is a common noun, neuter gender, and plural 

number. 

Note. — Parsing is an exercise in which the constructions arc ana- 
lyzed. Imitation, as applied in this work, is the construction of sen- 
tences, or parts of sentences, in conformity with the examples adduced 
as models. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



21 



Nouns ending in other consonants form their plural 
by adding s to the singular. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Singular. 


Plural 


Singular. 


Plural 


The slab 


The slabs 


The critic 


The critics 


The sled 


The sleds 


The sandal 


The sandals 


The stag 


The stags 


The chicken 


The chickens 


The chin 


The chins 


The winter 


The winters 


The scrap 


The scraps 


The goblet 


The goblets 



Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel in the same 
syllable, form the plural by adding s to their singular. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Singular. 

The clay 
The dray 
The key 
The valley 



Plural. 

The clays 
The drays 
The keys 
The valleys 



Singular. 

The volley 
The monkey 
The chimney 
The attorney 



Plural. 

The volleys 
The monkeys 
The chimneys 
The attorneys 



SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER. 

The practice of defining the part of speech, and 
every other property of each word while parsing, is 
tedious as well as unnecessary. A few questions and 
explanations in relation to the definitions, during the 
exercise, or before it, will be found sufficient. 

After the pupil has parsed the examples, the teacher 
is requested to require him to write others exactly like 
them in grammatic construction. The examples 
should be first written on a slate, and then copied on 
paper to be preserved as specimens of original con- 



22 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Nouns ending in y, not preceded by a vowel in the 
same syllable, form their plural by changing the y 
to ies. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Singular, 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural 


A fly 


The flies 


A piracy 


The piracies 


A cry 


The cries 


A lady 


The ladies 


A berry 


The berries 


A prodigy 


The prodigies 


A city 


The cities 


A destiny 


The destinies 


A proxy 


The proxies 


A liberty 


The liberties 



Nouns ending in o pronounced like oo as in tooy or in 
preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s to 
the singular. 

Examples for Parsing, 

Singular. Plural. 

A bamboo The bamboos 

A tattoo The tattoos 

A nuncio The nuncios 

Scipio The Scipios 



struction. This exercise should be continued through- 
out the work, wherever examples for parsing and imi- 
tation may be found. 

The pupil having been thus carried through a course of 
constructions, will very readily learn to combine sen- 
tences on any subject which he may understand. Com- 
position will, by this means, be changed from a difficult 
and irksome task, to a comparatively easy and pleasant 
exercise. 

The author would also remark, that the pupil should 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



23 



Nouns ending in o, neither pronounced like oo in toOy 
nor preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding es 
to the singular. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural, 


A hero 


The heroes 


A veto 


The vetoes 


A tyro 


The tyroes 


A motto 


The mottoes 


A negro 


The negroes 


A portico 


The porticoes 


An echo 


The echoes 


A manifesto 


The manifesto 



Nouns ending with a, e, w, or w^ form their plural 
by adding s to the singular. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



Singular. 


Plural, 


Singular. 


Plural. 


An era 


The eras 


A formula 


The formulas 


A zebra 


The zebras 


A diploma 


The diplomas 


A spade 


The spades 


A medicine 


The medicines 


A hive 


The hives 


A signature 


The signatures 


A pie 


The pies 


A swallow 


The swallows 


A hue 


The hues 


A gnu 


The gnus 


A saddle 


The saddles 


A landau 


The landaus 



learn the meaning of all the words in the various ex- 
amples. To do this, he should always have a diction- 
ary at hand to which he may refer while preparing his 
lessons j and the teacher should render their meaning 
still more distinct by explanations and illustrations. 

To determine the part of speech, regard should be 
had to the etymological definitions only, as a reference 
to the dictionary for this purpose should never be 
encouraged by the teacher. 



24 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Some nouns ending with the sound of /, change y* 
into V in the plural. 



Examples for Parsing. 



Singular. 

The elf 
The shelf 
The wolf 
The leaf 
The loaf 
The sheaf 
The beef 



Plural. 

The elves 
The shelves 
The wolves 
The leaves 
The loaves 
The sheaves 
The beeves 



Singular. 

The knife 
The life 
The wife 
The thief 
The wharf 
The half 
The calf 



Staff J a walking-stick, makes staves in the 
staff is applied as a military term, it has the 
staffs staffs^ flagstaff, flagstaff s. 



Plural. 

The knives 
The lives 
The wives 
The thieves 
The wharves 
The halves 
The calves 

plural ; but when 
regular plural ; as 



Exceptions to the preceding rules for the formation 
of the plural- 



Examples 



Singular, Plural. 

The man The men 

The woman The women 

The child The children 

The brother The brethren 

The ox The oxen 

The foot The feet 



for Parsing. 

Singular. 

The tooth 
The goose 
The louse 
The mouse 
The die 
The penny 



Plural 

The teeth 
The geese 
The lice 
The mice 
The dice 
The pence 



Pennies denote real coin ; pence, their value in computation. 
The plural of die, a cube used in games, is dice ; but die, a 
stamp, has dies in the plural. Brother, a member of the same 
family, in common discourse has the regular plural ; but broth' 
er in the Scriptures and in church phraseology, has brethren. 
The plural of pea is peas and pease ; the former denotes the 
seeds as distinct objects ; the latter, the seeds in a mass. 



I 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 25 




DEFECTIVE NOUNS 


• 


Defective 


nouns are of several classes 




1. Those 


which are used only in the 


singular form 


and sense. 










Examples. 




Gold 


Cotton 


Honesty 


Odium 


Love 


Silver 


Violence 


Heroism 


Pride 


Pity 


Innocence 


Canvass 


Pitch 


Hatred 


Temperance 


Eucharist 


Wheat 


Contempt 


Affluence 


Goodness 


Sloth 


Disdain 


Confinement 


Blackness 


Sugar 


Humility 


Unconcern 


Laziness 


The names 


of things which 


are weighed or 


measured, belong 


to this class ; 


but they admit of a plural, when several kinds of 


the same sort are referred to ; 


as, wheats, teas 


, sugars^ cottons^ 


coffees^ SfC, 








2. Those which are used 


in the plural J 


brm and sense. 




Example s, 




Ides 


Hatches 


Pleiads 


Nippers 


Lees 


Eiches 


Calends 


Vespers 


Lungs 


Ashes 


Filings 


Betters 


Goods 


Breeches 


Tidings 


Fetters 


Dregs 


Bowels 


Matins 


Bitters 


Tongs 


Entrails 


Customs 


Scissors 


Shears 


Vitals 


Drawers 


Mallows 


Clothes 


Victuals 


Emhers 


Orgies 


Thanks 


Shamhles 


Pincers 


Archives 


Downs 


Annals 


Snuffers 


Compasses 



26 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



3. Those which have the plural form, and yet are 
to be used in the singular sense. 

Examples. 

News Optics Mechanics 

Billiards Physics Mathematics 

Ethics Politics Pneumatics 

Conies Hysterics Metaphysics 

4. Those which have the singular form, and yet 
may be used in the singular or plural sense. 





Examples, 




Deep 


Fish 


Salmon 


Sheep 


Trout 


Cannon 


Kine 


Shad 


Sail 


Swine 


Herring 


Dozen 


Hose 


Haddock 


Apparatus 



5. Those which have the plural form, and yet may 
be used either in the singular or plural sense. 





Examples. 




Alms 


Amends 


Species 


Means 


Pains 


Gallows 


Odds 


Series 


Bellows 



When a title is prefixed to a proper noun to designate a class 
of persons of the same name, the name is varied to form the 
plural; as, The Miss Hamlins, The two Mr. Smiths, But when 
the persons are referred to individually, the title is varied and 
sometimes also the name or names to express the plural ; as, 
Misses Ann and Julia Clifton, Messrs, Gushing and Sons. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 27 


When the principal word in a compound noun is 


placed first, 


it is varied to 


express the 


plural. 




Examples. 




Singular. 


PluraL 




Father-in- 


law 


Fathers-in 


-law 


Court-martial 


Courts-martial 


Commander-in-chief 


Commanders-in-chief 


Words adopted into our language. 


sometimes retain 


their original plural, as in 


the following list. 


Singular. 


Plural 


Singular. 


Plural 


Datum 


Data 


Axis 


Axes 


Stratum 


Strata 


Basis 


Bases 


Erratum 


Errata 


Crisis 


Crises 


Arcanum 


Arcana 


Diaeresis 


Diaereses 


Effluvium 


Effluvia 


Ellipsis 


Ellipses 


Desideratum 


Desiderata 


Emphasis 


Emphases 


Animalculum Animalcula 


Hypothesis 


Hypotheses 


Automaton 


Automata 


Antithesis 


Antitheses 


Phenomenon 


Phenomena 


Metamorph 


osis Metamorphoses 


Criterion 


Criteria 


Apex 


Apices 


Genus 


Genera 


Calx 


Calces 


Stamen 


Stamina 


Index 


Indices 


Focus 


Foci 


Vertex 


Vertices 


Magus 


Magi 


Vortex 


Vortices 


Stimulus 


Stimuli 


Virtuoso 


Virtuosi 


Genius 


Genii 


Ignis fatuus 


Ignes fatui 


Cherub 


( Cherubs 
( Cherubim 


Encomium 


( Encomia 
j Encomiums 


Seraph 


( Seraphs 
( Seraphim 


Memorandum jMemoranf^^ 


Appendix 


( Appendices 
( Appendixes 







28 hazen's practical grammar. 



THE AD JE CTI VE. 

An adjective is a word added to a noun to express 
some quality, circumstance, or kind. 

Examples. 

A good man The lateut cause 

A timid animal The brazen vessel 

A lonely place The circular theatre 

An indigent woman The French fashion 

A long sermon The conceited fop 

A wooden vessel The prominent politician 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 

Adjectives belong to nouns. 

THE ARTICLE, THE ADJECTIVE, AND THE NOUN. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

A hungry wolf A connubial tie 

A ravenous appetite A nuptial day 

A luxurious liver A hymeneal altar 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
A hungry wolf, 
A is the indefinite article, and belongs to wolf. 
Rule. The article a or an belongs to nouns in the 
singular number. 

Hungry is an adjective, and belongs to wolf 
EuLE. Adjectives belong to nouns. 
Wolf is a common noun, masculine gender, and sin 
gular number. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 29 


An abstemious student 


A conjugal relation 


An insatiable thirst 


An uxorious husband 


A voracious desire 


A matrimonial engagement 


The fond parent 


The ardent friend 


The tender mother 


The filial conduct 


The affectionate father 


The fraternal act 


The maternal regard 


The amicable agreement 


The parental care 


The friendly neighbor 


The fatherly love 


The mutual friend 


A local attachment 


A hostile army 


A travelling agent 


A militant nation 


A domestic life 


A spiteful serpent 


A permanent abode 


A petulant landlady 


An erratic tribe 


A vindictive temper 


An errant knight 


A pugnacious captain 


A ferocious beast 


A sly fox 


A clamorous mob 


A crafty jockey 


A ruthless tyrant 


A cunning lawyer 


A destructive animal 


An insidious foe 


A murderous robber 


A deceptive enemy 


A malicious critic 


A designing politician 


The thievish propensity 


The handy workman 


The covetous dealer 


The dexterous mechanic 


The avaricious landlord 


The ingenious machinist 


The selfish merchant 


The operative mason 


The stingy farmer 


The mechanical skill 


The sordid miser 


The constructive beaver 


Note.— After the pupil has learned the nature of comparison, it would 


be well for him to parse the preceding examples again, with a view to 


comparing the adjectives. 





3* 



30 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

Comparison is the variation of an adjective to express 
a quality or circumstance in different degrees. 

There are three degrees of comparison ; namely, the 
positive, the comparative, and the superlative. 

The positive degree is the simple state of the 
adjective. 

The comparative denotes a greater or less degree. 

The superlative denotes the greatest or least degree. 

Adjectives of one syllable are usually compared by 
adding to the positive r or er to form the comparative, 
and st or est to form the superlative. 





Examples. 




Positive . 


Comparative, 


Superlative, 


Tall 


Taller 


Tallest 


Light 


Lighter 


Lightest 


Large 


Larger 


Largest 


Small 


Smaller 


Smallest 


Hoarse 


Hoarser 


Hoarsest 



Adjectives of two syllables or more are usually com- 
pared by prefixing to the positive, more or less to form 
the comparative, and most or least to form the super- 
lative. 

Examples. 

Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

Stupid More stupid Most stupid 

Civil More civil Most civil 

Slender ' More slender Most slender 

Clever More clever Most clever 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 31 


Stupid 


Less stupid 


Least stupid 


Civil 


Less civil 


Least civil 


Slender 


Less slender 


Least slender 


Clever 


Less clever 


Least clever 


Elegant 


More elegant 


Most elegant 


Eloquent 


More eloquent 


Most eloquent 


Laudable 


More laudable 


Most laudable 


Ponderous 


More ponderous 


Most ponderous 


Elegant 


Less elegant 


Least elegant 


Eloquent 


Less eloquent 


Least eloquent 


Laudable 


Less laudable 


Least laudable 


Ponderous 


Less ponderous 


Least ponderous 


Many adjectives of two syllables ending in y or e 


mute, may be 


compared by r, €r, 


st^ est, and by more 


and most^ and less and least. 






Examples. 




Positive. 


Comparative. 


Superlative. 


Handy 


Handier 


Handiest 


Jolly 


Jollier 


Jolliest 


Lofty 


Loftier 


Loftiest 


Heavy 


Heavier 


Heaviest 


Handy 


More handy 


Most handy 


Jolly 


More jolly 


Most jolly 


Lofty 


More lofty 


Most lofty 


Heavy 


More heavy 


Most heavy 


Handy 


Less handy 


Least handy 


Jolly 


Less jolly 


Least jolly 



32 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL 


GRAMMAR. 


Lofty 


Less lofty 


Least lofty 


Heavy 


Less heavy 


Least heavy 


Able 


Abler 


Ablest 


Nimble 


Nimbler 


Nimblest 


Ample 


Ampler 


Amplest 


Simple 


Simpler 


Simplest 


Able 


More able 


Most able 


Nimble 


More nimble 


Most nimble 


Ample 


More ample 


Most ample 


Simple 


More simple 


Most simple 


Able 


Less able 


Least able 


Nimble 


Less nimble 


Least nimble 


Ample 


Less ample 


Least ample 


Simple 


Less simple 


Least simple 


IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. 


Positive. 


Comparative. 


Superlative. 


Good, well Better 


Best 


Bad, evilj 


or ill Worse 


Worst 


Little 


Less 


Least 


Equal 


Superior 


Supreme or chief 


Equal 


Inferior 


Least 


Near has 7iearest and nexty and late has latest and last, in the 


superlative. 






Those adjectives expressing qualities which cannot be 


increased or 


diminished, cannot be 


compared. 


Examples of Incomparable Adjectives. 


Brazen 


Present 


Infinite 


Golden 


Absent 


Eternal 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



33 



Wooden All-wise 

Circular Ceaseless 

Conical Endless 

Perpendicular Boundless 



Omniscient 
Omnipotent 
Omnipresent 
Pecuniary 



A few adjectives w^ill admit ish to express diminution 
in the quality. This is called the diminutive form of 
the adjective. 





E 


xamples. 




Diminutive. 


Positive. 


Comparative. 


Superlative. 


Whitish 


White 


Whiter 


Whitest 


Bluish 


Blue 


Bluer 


Bluest 


Sweetish 


Sweet 


Sweeter 


Sweetest 


Saltish 


Salt 


Salter 


Saltest 



Under this part of speech are also included certain 
words which merely modify or define the application of 
nouns. These words are called numeral adjectives. 



Note. — Objects wliicli admit of admeasurement or numeration, and 
quantities which can be weighed or measured, may be definitely com- 
pared ; but, as objects of this description are not numerous, the precise 
amount of a quality or attribute can seldom be determined ; and, since 
language corresponds with the weakness of our conceptions, it furnishes 
us with few definite means of comparison. In expressing degrees of 
qualities and attributes, however, we are not exclusively confined to the 
means described in the regular comparison of adjectives. There are 
other words of similar import which are frequently used for this purpose. 



EXAMPLES. 



A very good man 
A much wiser man 
A far greater distance 
A great deal whiter paper 



An infinitely wise Being 
A truly eloquent speaker 
An exceedingly happy couple 
An incomparably splendid object 



The words in italics are adverbs, see page 97. 



34 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 
Numeral adjectives are of three kinds ; namely, the 
cardinal, the ordinal, and the multiplicative. 
The cardinal are, one, tivo, three, four, &c. 
The ordinal are, frst, second, third, fourth, &c. 
The multiplicative are, single or alone, double or two^ 
fold, triple or threefold, quadruple or fourfold, &c. 
RULE OF SYNTAX. 
Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns in number. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Five ladies, 5 ladies The 25th instant 
Ten horses, 10 horses The 7th ultimo 

The first man Januarv 5 

The seventh year The single instance 

The VI. Chapter The triple alliance 

The 10th verse The threefold cord 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Five Ladies — The 2bth Instant — The single Instance, 

Five is a numeral adjective of the cardinal kind, plural 
number, and agrees with ladies. 

Rule. Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns in 
number. 

2bth is a numeral adjective of the ordinal kind, singu- 
lar number, and agrees with instant. 

Rule. Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns in 
number. 

Single is an adjective of the multiplicative kind, sin- 
gular number, and agrees with instance. 

Rule. Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns, &c. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 35 



THE PRO N OUN. 

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 

There are seven kinds of pronouns ; namely, the person- 
al, the possessive personal, the adjective, the relative, the 
interrogative, the interrogative adjective, and the com- 
pound relative. 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 

Pronouns must agree with their antecedents or the nouns 
for which they stand, in gender, number, and person. 

VARIATIONS OF THE NOUN AND THE PRONOUN. 

Nouns and some of the pronouns are varied by gender, 
number, person, and case. 

PERSON. 

Person is the relation which nouns and pronouns sus- 
tain to sentences. 

Nouns are of the second or third person. 

Pronouns are of the first, second, or third person. 

The first person denotes the author of the sentence. 
The second person denotes the person addressed. The 
third person denotes the person or thing spoken of. 

CASE. 

Case is the relation which nouns and pronouns sustain 
to other words in a sentence. 

There are four cases ; namely, the nominative, the 
possessive, the objective, and the independent. 

The nominative case denotes the agency which intro- 
duces the verb into the sentence. 



36 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The possessive case denotes possession or ownership. 

The objective case denotes the passive relation of the 
noun or pronoun in which it is governed by a verb or 
preposition. 

The independent case denotes that the noun or pro- 
noun is free from any constructive dependance on any 
other word. 

DECLENSION. 

Declension is a regular arrangement of nouns and 
pronouns by cases and numbers. 

Examples of Declension. 



Singular. 

JYom. Man 

Poss. Man's 

Obj. Man 

Ind. Man 

Singular, 

J^om. Pen 
Poss. Pen's 
Obj. Pen 
Ind. Pen 

Singular. 

JYom. Senator 
Poss. Senator's 
Obj. Senator 
Ind. Senator 



Plural. 

JYom. Men 

Poss. Men's 

Obj. Men 

Ind. Men 

Plural 

JYom. Pens 
Poss. Pens' 
Obj. Pens 
Ind. Pens 

Plural. 

JYom. Senators 

Poss. Senators' 

Obj. Senators 

Ind. Senators 



Note. — The independent case has been introduced to avoid inaccuracy 
and confusion in the definition and application of the nominative case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 37 



The possessive case of nouns is formed — 

1. By adding an apostrophrfe ( ' ) and s, when the 
nominative does not terminate in s. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Susan's doll Peter's vision 

Alfred's top Paul's defence 

Edward's form Isaiah's prophecies 

Frederick's store Stephen's martyrdom 

2. By adding an apostrophe only, when the nomina- 
tive terminates in s. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Boys' hats Mechanics' institute 

Girls' bonnets Merchants' exchange 

Eagles' wings Goodness' sake 

Objectors' reasons Righteousness' sake 

There are but few exceptions to these rules, and they are 
found chiefly in words ending in nee, when the following word 
begins with s ; as, conscience^ sake, appearance^ sake, 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 

One noun governs another noun or pronoun that de- 
pends upon it in the possessive case. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Susan's doll. 
Susan's is a proper noun, feminine gender, singular 
number, third person, possessive case, and is governed 
by doll. 

Rule. One noun governs another noun or pronoun 
that depends upon it in the possessive case. 



38 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
The personal pronouns are simple substitutes. There 
are five of them ; namely, /, thou^ he, she, and it. 

Declension of the Personal Pronouns. 



Singular. 

( JVom. I 
First I Poss. My 

Person ] Qbj. Me 

[ Ind. I 



Second 
Person 



f Jfom, 
• Poss. 
I Obj. 
[ Ind. 



Third 
Person 



Third 
Person 



Singular. 

(JYom. He 
J Poss. His 
j Obj. Him 
(^ Ind. He 

Singular. 

f J\^om. She 
I Poss. Her 
I Obj. Her 
( Ind. She 



Tliird 
Person 



Singular. 

JSTovi. It 
Poss. Its 

It 
It 



I Obj. 
[Ind. 



Plural 

Kom. We 
Poss. Our 

Obj. Us 
Ind. We 



lar. 


Plural. 


Thou 


J^om. Ye or you 


Thy 


Poss. Your 


Thee 


Obj. You 


Thou 


Ind. Ye or you 



Plwal, 

Jfom. They 
Po55. Their 
Obj. Them 
/;i(/. They 

Plurai. 

J^om. Thejr 
Po55. Their 
Obj. Them 
/;^6/. They 

PZwra?. 

J^om. They 

P05.9. Their 

0^>;. Them 

Ind. Tliey 



Mas. or Fern. 
Gender. 



I Mas. or Fern. 
[ Gender. 



1 

[> Mas. Gender. 

I 

) 

] 

}» Fern, Gender. 

I 

J 

) 

i 

\> Neu. Gender. 

J 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



39 



THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



My hat 


Our house 


My gun 


Our friends 


My top 


Our cattle 


My ship 


Our carriage 


Thy home 


Your office 


Thy cottage 


Your company 


Thy dwelling 


Your society 


Thy residence 


Your association 


His duty 


Their sickness 


His interest 


Their diseases 


His concern 


Their misfortunes 


His litigation 


Their disasters 


Her beauty 


Its population 


Her conduct 


Its productions 


Her deportment 


Its commerce 


Her acquirements 


Its magnitude 



COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUN. 

The compound personal pronouns are formed by add- 
ing self or selves, to my, our, thy, your, him, her, it, 
and them. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
My hat. 
My is a personal pronoun, singular number, first per- 
son, possessive case, and is governed by hat. 

Rule. One noun governs another noun or pronoun 
that depends upon it in the possessive case. 



40 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Declension of the Compound Personal Pronouns. 

Singular. Plural. 

( JVom. Myself JSTom. Ourselves 

j Poss. Poss, 

j Obj\ Myself Obj. Ourselves 
( Ind, Myself Ind, Ourselves 



First 
Person 



Mas. or Fern. 
Gender. 



Second 
Person 



Singular. Plural. 

JSTom, Thyself JYom. Yourselves 

Poss, Poss. 

Obj, Thyself Obj. Yourselves 

Ind. Thyself Ind. Yourselves 



Mas. or Fern, 
Gender. 



Third 
Person 



Singular. Plural, 

( Jfom. Himself JVom. Themselves ' 
j Poss. Poss 



i Obj, 
[Ind, 



Himself 
Himself 



Obj. 
Ind. 



Themselves 
Themselves , 



Mas. Gender. 



Third 
Person 



Singular, 

( Jfom. Herself 

• Poss. 

j Obj, Herself 
[ Ind. Herself 



Singular 

' Kom. Itself 



Plural 

JV'om. Themselves 

Poss. 

Obj. 
Ind. 



Themselves f 
Themselves J 



Fern. Gender. 



Poss. 

Person ] Q^j\ 

Ind. 



Third / 



Itself 
Itself 



Plural 

JVom. Themselves 

Poss. 

Obj, Themselves 
Ind. Themselves ^ 



> Neu. Gender. 



The pronouns on this page are also denominated reciprocal 
pronouns. Pupils need not learn to decline them, until they 
have advanced to that part of the grammar, where iheir appli- 
cation is illustrated. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 41 

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Adjective pronouns are definitive words placed before 
nouns, to modify their application. 

They are divided into three classes ; namely, the dis- 
tributive, the definite, and the indefinite. 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 
Adjective pronouns belong to nouns. 

DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

The distributive adjective pronouns limit the noun to 
separate objects. They are, each^ every ^ either^ and 
neither. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Each visitor Either way 

Each person Either book 

Each animal Either dilemma 

Every pupil Neither competitor 

Every example Neither conclusion 

Every object Neither candidate 

DEFINITE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

The definite adjective pronouns point out the noun 
in a definite manner. They are, this^ that, with their 
plurals, these and those ; former , latter, same, said, afore- 
said, aforementioned, which, and what. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
i Each visitor. 

I Each is a distributive adjective pronoun, and belongs 
to visitor. 

Rule. Adjective pronouns belong to nouns. 



J 



42 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This lion The former letter 

These lions The latter end 

That servant The said John Doe 

Those servants The aforesaid James Carter 

The same tiger The aforementioned Peter Wilson 

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

The indefinite adjective pronouns point out the noun 
in an indefinite manner. The principal words of this 
class are, otic, wo, somej other, another, all, such, any, 
many, much, several, few, whole, little, whatever, what^ 
soever, whichever, and whichsoever. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 



One evening 
No person 
Some news 
Other matters 
Another speculation 
All nations 



Such nonsense 
Any officers 
Many voters 
Few lemons 
Whole numbers 
Little reason 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Some, little, several, few, much, and many are com- 
pared ; thus, 



Positive, 


Com.'j^arative. 


Swperlativ 


Some 






Little 






Several 


More 


Most 


Much 


Less 


Least 


Many- 






Few 






Few has also 


Fewer 


Fewes 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 43 


DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 


One and other are sometimes declined by cases. 


Singular. 


Plural. 1 j 


JsTom, One 


J^om 


Ones 


Poss. One's 


Poss. 


Ones' 


Ohj. One 


Ohj. 


Ones 


Ind, One 


Ind. 


Ones 


Singular. 


Plural. 1 


JSTom. Other 


J^om. 


Others 


Poss. Other's 


Poss. 


Others' 


Obj. Other 


Obj. 


Others 


Ind, Other 


Ind. 


Others 


Another is declined like other, as it is 


the same word, with 


the article an prefixed. It is 


used only in 


the singular number. 


THE POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 


Mine His 


Ours 


Theirs 


Thine Hers 


Yours 




These words represent j 


aot only the possessor^ but also 


the thing or things possessed. They 


are used only in the 


nominative and objective cases. 




THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 


Who Which 


That 


A relative pronoun is a 


word that 


represents a prece- 


ding word, and introduces 


a predication without the aid 


of a conjunction. 






DECLENSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 


Singular and Plural Singular and Plural. 


Singular and Plural. 


J^om, Who J^om 


. Which 


Kom. That 


Poss, Whose Poss, 


Whose 


Poss. 


Ohj. Whom Ohj. 


Which 


Obj. That 



44 HA^ZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Who Which What 

These words are denominated interrogative pronouns, 
when they are used for interrogation without a following 
noun to which they may belong. 

THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Which What 

These words are denominated interrogative adjective 
pronouns, when they are used for interrogation before 
nouns to which they belong. 

THE COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

What Whoever 

Whatever Whosoever 

Whatsoever Whoso 

These words are thus denominated, when they include 
in themselves the force of an antecedent and a relative. 
They sustain the relations of the words which they rep- 
resent. 

The words ever and soever are frequently added to who^ivhich^ 
and what ; and the words thus formed are classed according to 
their application. What, whatever, and whatsoever, when com- 
pound relative pronouns, are used either in the nominative or 
objective case. Who, when combined with ever or soever, is 
declined by cases, as in the preceding page. Ever and soever 
are the same in every case. Whoso is a contraction of whosoever. 

Note. — Examples illustrating the application of the several kinds of pro- 
nouns have not been given, because pupils cannot understand this difficult 
part of grammar at this stage of advancement. The illustrations will be 
introduced hereafter. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 45 



A SENTENCE. 

A sentence is two or more words which express an 
affirmation, an interrogation, a command, an exhortation, 
a petition, or an intimation. 

Examples of Sentences. 

AFFIRMATION, INTERROGATION. 

I reflect. Do you reflect 1 

I am studious. Art thou studious 1 

He is the man. Is he the man '? 

John wrote a letter. Did John write a letter 1 

The lad was punished. Was the lad punished 1 

COMMAND, EXHORTATION, AND PETITION. 

Reflect thou. Be of good cheer. 

Be studious. Hear our cry. 

Be a good boy. Forgive our sins. 

"Write a letter. We beseech thee. 

Be thou punished. May we find thy favor. 

INTIMATION. 

When he has agreed to the measure, I will advise you. 
Should he pay promptly, I will trust him again. 
If he will go immediately, he may arrive in time. 
Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. 
Watch the door of thy lips, lesi thou utter folly. 

The noun or its substitute is the foundation of sen- 
tences. But no assemblage of words can constitute a 
sentence without a verb, introduced by the direct influ- 
ence of a nominative case. 



46 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE VERB. 

A verb is a word which commonly expresses action 
or being. 

The verb is usually introduced into sentences by the 
direct agency of a noun or pronoun in the nominative 
case ; and it may be distinguished from other classes of 
words by this peculiarity. 

Examples for Imitation. 

I am. The cradle rocks. 

James is. The horses run. 

Animals live. The ladies chat. 

The lady sleeps. The tree falls. 

The servants wait. The people vote. 

Farmers raise grain. Tanners tan hides. 

Millers grind corn. Tailors make clothes. 

Bakers bake bread. Barbers cut hair. 

Brewers make beer. Merchants sell goods. 

Butchers sell meat. Authors write books. 

CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS. 

Verbs are divided into transitive, intransitive, and 
passive. 



Note.— The old terms, active and neuter, have been rejected in the 
classification of the verb, because they do not well express the distinc- 
tions proposed. But they can be easily retained, should the teacher 
prefer them. It is presumed, however, that the change will be gener- 
ally approved, as it has long been sanctioned by the best writers 
on the subject of English Grammar. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 47 



THE TRANSITIVE VERB. 

The transitive verb expresses an action which termi- 
nates on an object. 

Examples for Imitation. 

Fishermen catch fish. Lawyers plead law. 

Shipwrights build vessels. Physicians cure diseases. 
Mariners traverse oceans. Dentists repair teeth. 
Clergymen exhort sinners. Teachers instruct pupils. 

THE INTRANSITIVE VERB. 
The intransitive verb expresses action or being which 
does not terminate on an object. 

Examples for Imitation. 

He is. The snail crawls. 

The horses stand. The oxen walk. 

The girls blush. The lamb skips. 

The faces burn. The child cries. 

The interests clash. The serpents hiss. 

THE PASSIVE VERB. 

The passive verb expresses action received by the 

nominative case which introduces It into the sen- 
tence,^ 

Examples for Imitation. 

Grain is raised. Hides are tanned. 

Corn is ground. Clothes are made. 

Bread is baked. Hair is cut. 

Beer is brewed. Goods are sold. 

Meat is sold. Books are written. 



48 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



VARIATIONS OF VERBS. 

Verbs are varied by mode and tense, number and 
person. 

MODE. 

Mode is the manner of expressing action or being. 
There are five modes ; namely, the indicative, the sub- 
junctive, the potential, the imperative, and the infinitive. 

A verb in the indicative mode, simply indicates or 
declares a thing ; or it asks a questioninthe same forin. 

A verb in the subjunctive mode, by the aid of a con- 
junction, expresses action or being in a doubtful or con- 
ditional manner. 

A verb in the potential mode expresses action or 
being under a possibility, permission, necessity, ability, 
determination, or obligation ; or it asks a question in the 
same form. 

A verb in the imperative mode, expresses authority, 
exhortation, or entreaty. 

A verb in the infinitive mode expresses action or being 
unlimited by number or person. 

TENSE. 

Tense is the time in which the verb expresses action 
or being. 

There are six tenses ; namely, the present, the indefi- 
nite past, the present perfect, the prior perfect, the 
indefinite future, and the prior future. 



Note. — Pupils need not commit to memory the definitions of the 
several modes and tenses, until they again meet them in the conjuga- 
tion of the verb to go. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



49 



The present tense denotes present action or being. 

The indefinite past tense denotes action or being as 
indefinitely past. 

The present perfect tense denotes action or being as 
past at some period of time including the present. 

The prior perfect tense denotes action or being as 
past at or before some other time specified. 

The indefinite future tense denotes action or being 
as indefinitely future. 

The prior future tense denotes action or being which 
will take place at or before some other future time. 



THE PARTICIPLE. 

A participle is a word that partakes of the nature of 
a verb and an adjective. 

Participles are derived from verbs. Each complete 
verb supplies three participles ; namely, the present, the 
perfect, and the prior perfect. 



Note. — The names of five of the tenses have been changed to indi- 
cate their application with precision ; but, to prevent ail inconveniences 
which might arise from these changes, the old terms are placed on the 
right of the new in the regular conjugation of the verb. Should the 
teacher prefer the old terms, he can use them in grammatic solution 
without inconvenience. 

The nam.es of the tenses here presented have been before proposed 
by authors of considerable note, and it is belived that many more will 
adopt them as soon as it can be done with apparent safety. 



50 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 

The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement 
of its several parts in its modes, tenses, and participles. 

In every complete verb, there are three principal 
parts; namely, the present tense, the indefinite past 
tense, and the perfect participle. 

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 

A verb is regular, when it forms the indefinite past 
tense and the perfect participle by adding d or ed to the 
present tense. 

A verb is irregular, when it does not form the indefi- 
nite past tense and the perfect participle by adding d 
or ed to the present tense. 

AUXILIARY VERBS. 

An auxiliary verb is a word used in the conjugation 
of other verbs. 

LIST OF AUXILIARY VERBS. 



May 


Might 


Can 


Could 


Shall 


Should 


Will 


Would 


Must 


Do 


Be 


Have 



Do, be, and havd are also principal verbs, being complete in 
all the tenses and participles. Explanations of the meaning and 
application of the auxiliary verbs are unnecessary, as both can 
be learned from the examples proposed for parsing and imitation. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 51 

THE PREDICATIONS. 

A predication is an association of words forming 
a complete proposition. 

CLASSIFICATION OF PREDICATIONS. 

The predications are divided into intransitive, 
intransitive post-adjective, intransitive post-substan- 
tive, transitive, and passive. 

THE INTRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

The essential elements of the intransitive predica- 
tion are a nominative case and an intransitive verb. 

Examples. 

I am. Doctors differ. 

It was. The horses pranced. 

He went. The wolf howled. 

She absconded. The passengers embarked. 

THE INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post- 
adjective predication are a nominative case, an in- 
transitive verb, and an adjective. 

Examples. 

I am cautious. The boys are obedient. 

She was fashionable. The servants were honest. 

He has been indignant. Our farmers have been rich. 
The lady will be humane. Kings may be despotic. 

Note. — Post is a Latin preposition which signifies after. It has been 
used as a prefix in naming the constmctions, to show that the adjective 
or substantive is placed after certain other parts of speech. 



62 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

THE INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post- 
substantive predication are a nominative case, an in- 
transitive verb, and a nominative case after the verb. 
Examples. 

I am he. We are gardeners. 

He was the person. You were teachers. 

The man has been a miller. They have been butchers. 

This girl will be a beauty. His brothers will be sailors. 

THE TRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

The essential elements of the transitive predica- 
tion are a nominative case, a transitive verb, and an 
objective case governed by the verb. 

Examples. 

I read history. Charles struck William. 

He studies grammar. Architects plan buildings. 

Farmers plough the soil. The sheep yields wool. 

Hunters kill wild animals. The orchard affords fruit. 

THE PASSIVE PREDICATION. 

The essential elements of the passive predication 
are a nominative case and a passive verb. 
Examples. 

I was accosted. The note may be paid. 

He was accused. The bill should be allowed. 

She was applauded. Children must be taught. 

I shall be delighted. Sinners will be confounded. 

The predications are perfect sentences in themselves ; but they 
admit of additions by means of other associations, which, in this 
grammar, are denominated phrases. Some one of the predications 
must be expressed or implied in every sentence. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



63 



NUMBER AND PERSON OF THE VERB. 
The number and person of the verb are accidents 
in which it agrees with its nominatiye case. The 
verb, in every tense of the indicative, subjunctive, 
and potential modes, has two numbers and three 
persons. In the imperative, it has two numbers and 
one person. In the infinitive, it is not distinguished 
by either number or person. 

The English verb, unlike that of many other languages, is but 
little varied to express either number or person. No ambiguity, 
however, arises from this deficiency, as both are easily determined 
by the nominative case, when the form of the verb fails to furnish 
the indications. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

The article a or an belongs to nouns in the singu- 
lar number. 

The article the belongs to nouns in the singular or 
plural number. 

Adjectives belong to nouns. 

Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns in 
number. 

One noun governs another noun or pronoun that 
depends upon it in the. possessive case. 

Adjective pronouns belong to nouns. 

The agent which introduces the verb into the sen- 
tence, must be in the nominative case. 

The verb must agree with its nominative case in 
number and person. 

Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 

Any verb may have the same case after it as be- 
fore it, when both words refer to the same thing. 



54 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE INTRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 
The essential elements of the intransitive predi- 
cation are a nominative case and an intransitive 
verb. 

THE INTRANSITIVE VERB. 

The intransitive verb expresses action or being which 
does not terminate on an object. 

CONJUaATION OF THE VERB TO GO. 



Present Tense. 

Go 



Indefinite Past Tense. 

VS^ent 



Perfect Participle 

Gone 



INDICATIVE MODE. 

A verb in the indicative mode simply indicates or de- 
clares a thing ; or it asks a question in the same form. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

The present tense denotes present action or being. 

Singular, Plural, 

1 Person, I go 1 Person, We go 

2 Person, Thou goest 2 Person, You go 

3 Person. He goes 3 Person, They go 



Note. — Ye, being seldom used, is commonly omitted in the conjuga- 
tion of the verb. But pupils can be made to understand its use just as 
well as if it were introduced into every tense. Ye is employed chiefly 
in the solemn and burlesque styles. General usage sanctions the appli- 
cation of the pronoun you to a single individual, but, in all cases, the 
verb to which it is nominative case, must have the plural form. Thou is 
but little used for ordinary inter-communication j but, as it is always jised 
in the Sacred Scriptures, and generally in the solemn style, it has been 
retained in the conjugation of the verb throughout. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



55 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I err. We fail. 

You grow. 



Thou comest. 
The seal dives. 



The birds flit. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
/ err. 

/ is a personal pronoun, singular number, first per- 
son, and nominative case to err, 

EuLE. The agent Avhich introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 

Err is a regular, intransitive verb, indicative 
mode, present tense, singular number, first person, and 
agrees with /. 

Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 



Note. — The tenses which are formed by the principal verb alone, are 
called simple tenses, and those which are formed by the help of one 
auxiliary or more, are called compound tenses. 

Note. — Before proceeding to analyze the sentences for parsing and 
imitation according to the above formula, the teacher is requested to see 
that the pupils understand the meaning of each word, and the class to 
which it belongs. They should also be required to decline the nouns 
and pronouns, and conjugate the verbs in their principal parts, to deter- 
mine whether they are regular or irregular. At this stage of advance- 
ment, pupils should begin to learn to conjugate the irregular verbs, a 
complete list of which is given a few pages in advance of this. A whole 
class might be made to repeat them together. In this wa^'^they may be 
all committed to memory in a few hours. A great number of regular 
verbs should also be conjugated in the same manner. 

Note. — While constructing examples after models, pupils should refer 
to ''The Speller and Definer'' for words which are there classified 
according to these parts of speech. 



56 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

In earnest and positive expressions, do often precedes 
the principal verb in the present tense, and did^ in the 
indefinite past tense, both in the indicative and subjunctive 
modes. Do is also used in the same manner in the im- 
perative. 

(Do is tile auxiliary of this tense.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I do go 1. We do go 

2. Thou dost go 2. You do go 

3. He does go 3. They do go 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

I do live. We do swim. 

Thou dost rove. You do wade. 

She does roam. The eagles do soar, 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Do I live ? Do we swim ? 

Dost thou rove ? Do you wade ? 

Does she roam ? Do the eagles soar ? 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (iMPEKFECT.) 

The indefinite past tense denotes action or being as 
indefinitely past. 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I went 1. We went 

2. Thou wentest 2. You went 

3. He went 3. They went 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I kneeled. We strolled. 

Thou agreedst. You strove. 

The door creaked. The horses pranced. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



67 



(Did is the auxiliary of this tense.) 





Singular. 




Plural. 


1. 


I did go 


1. 


We did go 


2. 


Thou didst go 


2. 


You did go 


3. 


He did go 


3. 


They did go 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I did abscond. We did desist. 

Thou didst flinch. You did disagree. 

My friend did arrive. They did embark. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Did I abscond ? Did we desist ? 

Didst thou flinch ? Did you disagree ? 

Did my friend arrive ? Did they embark ? 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

The present perfect tense denotes action or being, as 
past at some period of time including the present. 

(Have is the auxiliary of this tense.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I have gone 1. We have gone 

2. Thou hast gone 2. You have gone 

3. He has gone 3. They have gone 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I have faded. We have abounded. 

Thou hast succeeded. You have appeared. 

Thy heart has throbbed. Our enemies have decamped. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Have I faded ? Have v^e abounded ? 

Hast thou succeeded ? Have you appeared ? 

Has thy heart throbbed ? Have our enemies decamped ^ 



58 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLITPERFECT.) 

The prior perfect tense denotes action or being as past 
at or before some other time specified. 

(Had is the auxiliary of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural 

1. I had gone 1. We had gone 

2. Thou hadst gone 2. You had gone 

3. He had gone 3. They had gone 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I had alighted. We had dismounted. 

Thou hadst arisen. You had languished. 

The water had congealed. The audience had listened. 



INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 



Had I alighted? Had we dismounted ? 

Hadst thou arisen ? Had you languished ? 

Had the water congealed? Had the audience listened ? 

INDEFINITE FUTURE TENSE. (fIRST FUTURE.) 

The indefinite future tense denotes action or being as 
indefinitely future. 

(Shall and will are the auxiliaries of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall go 1, We shall go 

2. Thou shalt go 2. You shall go 

3. He shall go 3. They shall go 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I shall digress. We will repent. 

Thou wilt elope. You will repine. 

Time will elapse. Events will occur. 



hazen's practical grammar. 59 



INTEEROGATIVE POSITION. 

Shall I digress ? Shall we repent ? 

Will time elapse ? Will you repine ? 

Wilt thou elope ? Will events occur ? 

PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (sECOND FUTURE.) 

The prior future tense denotes action or being, which 
will take place at or before some other future time. 

(Shall have and tvill have are the auxiliaries of this tense.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have gone 1. We shall have gone 

2. Thou wilt have gone 2. You will have gone 

3. He will have gone 3. They will have gone 

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

A verb in the subjunctive mode, by the aid of a con- 
junction, expresses action or being in a doubtful or con- 
ditional manner. 





PKESENT TENSE. 




Singular. 


Plural. 


1. 

2. 
3. 


If I go 
If thou go 
If he go 


1. If we go 

2. If you go 

3. If they go 


1. 


If I do go 


1. If we do go 


2. 
3. 


If thou do go 
If he do go 


2. If you do go 

3. If they do go 



INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (iMPERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. If I went 1. If we went 

2. If thou went 2. If you went 

3. If he went 3. If they went 



60 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Singular. Plural. 

1. If I did go 1. If we did go 

2. If thou did go 2. If you did go 

3. If he did go 3. If they did go 

POTENTIAL MODE. 

A verb in the potential mode expresses action or 
being under a possibiHty, permission, necessity, ability, 
determination, or obligation; or it asks a question in the 
same form. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
(^Mayj cariy and mM#^,are the auxiliaries of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I may go 1. We may go 

2. Thou mayst go 2. You may go 

3. He may go 3. They may go 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I may commune. We can exist. 

Thou canst depart. You must expire. 

The mule can amble. Drunkards may stagger. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

May I commune ? Can we exist ? 

Canst thou depart ? Must you expire ? 

Can the mule amble ? May drunkards stagger ? 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
{Mighty could J should f and would,axe the auxiliaries of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural 

1. I might go 1. We might go 

2. Thou mightst go 2. You might go 

3. He might go 3. They might go 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 61 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I might perish. We should proceed. 

Thou couldst persist. You could rejoice. 

The dog would snarl. The waters might subside. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Might I perish ? Should we proceed ? 

Couldst thou persist ? Could you rejoice ? 

Would the dog snarl ? Might the waters subside ? 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 
(May havCf can have^ and must have ^Sire the auxiliaries of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I may have gone 1. We may have gone 

2. Thou mayst have gone 2. You may have gone 

3. He may have gone 3. They may have gone 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I can have retired. We can have subsisted. 

Thou mayst have wondered. You may have wandered. 
The event may have happened. Your ears must have tingled. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Can I have retired ? Can we have subsisted ? 

Canst thou have wondered ? Can you have wandered ? 
Can the event have happened ? Must your ears have tingled ? 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 

(Might have, could have^ would have, and should have,Bxe the auxil- 
iaries of this tense.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I might have gone 1. We might have gone 

2. Thou mightst have gone 2. You might have gone 

3. He might have gone 3. They might have gone 



6 



62 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I might have exulted. We should have rejoined. 

Thou couldst have responded. You could have presided. 
She would have lingered. The bees would have swarmed. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Might I have exulted ? Should we have rejoined ? 

Couldst thou have responded ? Could you have presided ? 
Would she have lingered ? Would the bees have swarmed ? 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

A verb in the imperative mode expresses authority, 
exhortation, or entreaty. 

PRESENT TENSE, 

Singular. Plural, 

2. Go, go thou, or do thou go. 2. Go, go you, or do you go. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Persevere. Secede. 

Recline thou. Recede you. 

Do thou aspire. Do ye hesitate. 

Persevere agrees with thou^ and secede^ with ye or you 

understood. 

INFINITIVE MODE. 
A verb in the infinitive mode expresses action or being 
unlimited by number or person. 

PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT. (PERFECT.) 

To go To have gone 



Note. — Examples of iUustration have not been given under all the 
modes and tenses, because pupils are presumed to be unprepared to un- 
derstand them. They will be met with hereafter. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



63 



PARTICIPLES. 

A participle is a word that partakes of the nature of 
a verb and an adjective. 

Participles are derived from verbs. Each complete 
verb supplies three participles; namely, the present, 
I the perfect, and the prior perfect. 

PRESENT. PERFECT. 

Going Gone 

PRIOR PERFECT. (COMPOUND PERFECT.) 

Having gone. 



THE INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post- 
adjective predication are a nominative case, an in- 
transitive verb, and an adjective. 

THE INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post- 
substantive predication are a nominative case, an 
intransitive verb, and a nominative case after the 
verb. 



Note. — The intransitive post- adjective, and the intransitive post-sub- 
stantive predications, being commonly formed by the help of the verb to 
6e, are introduced together ; but the examples of each construction are 
distinguished by a separate heading. 

The pronoun being a mere substitute for the noun, the adjective be- 
longs to it by the same rule. 



64 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO BE. 



Present Tense. 

Am 



Indefinite Past Tense. 

Was 



Perfect PartieipU, 

Been 



INDICATIVE MODE. 



Singular, 

1. I am 

2. Thou art 

3. He is 



PRESENT TENSE. 
Plural, 

1. We are 

2. You are 

3. They are 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

INTRANSITIVE POST- ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

I am cautious. We are shy. 

Thou art anxious. You are wary. 

He is cowardly. They are circumspect. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Am I cautious ? Are we shy ? 

Art thou anxious ? Are you wary ? 

Is he cowardly ? Are they circumspect ? 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
/ am cautious. 

/ is a personal pronoun, singular number, first per- 
son, and nominative case to am, 

EuLE. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 

•^m is an irregular, intransitive verb, indicative mode, 
present tense, singular number, first person, and agrees 
with /. 

EuLE. The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



65 



INTRANSirrVB POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

I am he. We are they. 

Thou art she. You are the boys. 

He is the man. They are the horses. 

INTERROOATIVE POSITION. 

Am I he ? Are we they ? 

Art thou she ? Are you the boys ? 

Is he the man ? Are they the horses ? 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I was 1. We were 

2. Thou wast 2. You were 

3. He was 3. They were 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST -ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

I was gay. We were emulous. 

Thou wast vain. You were ambitious. 

He was fashionable. They were commendable. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Was I gay? Were we emulous? 

Wast thou vain ? Were you ambitious ? 

Was he fashionable ? Were they commendable ? 



Cautious is an adjective and belongs to 7. 
Rule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 

/ am he, 

I and am are parsed as in the preceding example. 

He is a personal pronoun, masculine gender, singu- 
lar number, third person, and nominative case after am. 

Rule. Any verb may have the same case after it as 
before it, when both words refer to the same thing. 



66 HAZEJS'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 


INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 


I was the person. 


We were the planters. 


Thou wast the dupe. 


Ye were the sinners. 


She was the seamstress. 


They were the writers. 


INTERROGATIVJE POSITION. 


Was I the person ? 


Were we the planters ? 


Wast thou the dupe ? 


Were ye the sinners ? 


Was she the seamstress ? 


Were they the writers? 


PRESENT PERFECT 


TENSE. (perfect.) 


Singular. 


Plural, 


1. I have been 


1. We have been 


2. Thou hast been 


2. You have been 


3. He has been 


3. They have been 


Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 


I have been indignant. 


We have been absolute. 


Thou hast been austere. 


You have been supercilious. 


He has been haughty. 


They have been proud. 


INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 


Have I been indignant? 


Have we been absolute ? 


Hast thou been austere ? 


Have you been supercilious ? 


Has he been haughty? 


Have they been proud ? 


INTRANSITIVE POST- SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 


I have been a student. 


We have been teachers. 


Thou hast been a heretic. 


You have been preachers. 


He has been a butcher. 


They have been farmers. 


INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 


Have I been a student ? 


Have we been teachers ? 


Hast thou been a heretic ? 


Have you been preachers ? 


Has he been a butcher ? 


Have they been farmers ? 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 67 


PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I had been 


1. We had been 


2. Thou hadst been 


2. You had been 


3. He had been 


3. They had been 


Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 


I had been humane. 


We had been generous. 


Thou hadst been kind. 


You had been merciful. 


He had been benevolent. 


They had been charitable. 


INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 


Had I been humane ? 


Had we been generous ? 


Hadst thou been kind ? 


Had you been merciful ? 


Had he been benevolent ? 


Had they been charitable ? 


INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 


I had been a gardener. 


We had been hatters. 


Thou hadst been a miller. 


You had been rope-makers. 


He had been a baker. 


They had been tailors. 


INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 


Had I been a gardener ? 


Had we been hatters ? 


Hadst thou been a miller ? 


Had you been rope-makers ? 


Had he been a baker ? 


Had they been tailors? 


INDEFINITE FUTURE TENSE. (fIRST FUTURE.) 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I shall be 


1. We shall be 


2. Thou shalt be 


2. You shall be 


3. He shall be 


3. They shall be 



68 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

I shall be obedient. We shall be modest. 

Thou shalt be devout. You shall be respectful. 

He shall be venerable. They shall be respectable. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Shall I be obedient ? Shall we be modest ? 

Wilt thou be devout ? Will you be respectful ? 

Will he be venerable ? Will they be respectable I 

INTRANSITIVE POST- SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

I will be a brewer. We will be milliners. 

Thou wilt be a tobacconist. You will be barbers. 
He will be a dyer. They will be tanners. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Shall 1 be a brewer ? Shall we be milliners ? 

Wilt thou be a tobacconist ? Will you be barbers ? 
Will he be a dyer ? Will they be tanners ? 

PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (sECOND FUTURE.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have been 1. We shall have been 

2. Thou wilt have been 2. You will have been 

3. He will have been 3. They will have been 

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 







PRESENT TENSE. 




Singular. 


Plural.. 


1. 


If I be 


1. If we be 


2. 


If thou be 


2. If you be 


3. 


If he be 


3. If they be 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 69 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. If 1 were 1. If we were 

2. If thou wert 2. If you were 

3. If he were 3. If they were 

POTENTIAL MODE. 

PRESENT TENSK 
Singular, Plural, 

1. I may be 1. We ma)* be 

2. Thou mayst be 2« You may be 

3. He may be 3. They may be 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSItlVE POST- ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

I can be firm. We can be contumacious. 

Thou canst be stubborn. Ye can be indefatigable. 
He can be pertinacious. They can be disobedient. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Can J be firm ? Can we be contumacious ? 

Canst thou be stubborn ? Can ye be indefatigable ? 
Can he be pertinacious ? Can they be disobedient ? 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

I may be a shoemaker. We may be comb-makers. 

Thou mayst be a saddler. You may be tavem-keepers. 
He may be a soap-boiler. They may be hunters. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

May I be a shoemaker ? May we be comb-makers ? 
Mayst thou be a saddler ? May you be tavern-keepers ? 
May he be a soap-boiler ? Must ihey be hunters ? 



J 



70 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural, 

1. I might be 1. We might be 

2. Thou mightst be 2. You might be 

3. He might be 3. They might be 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST- ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

I might be candid. We could be impartial. 

Thou mightst be honest. You could be sincere. 

He might be righteous. They could be conscientious. 

INTEHmOOATIVE POSITION. 

Might I be candid? Could we be impartial ? 

Mightst thou be honest ? Could you be sincere ? 

Might he be righteous ? Could they be conscientious ? 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

I would be a fisherman. We should be auctioneers. 

Thou wouldst be a shipwright. You should be clergymen. 
He would be a mariner. They should be attorneys. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Would I be a fisherman ? Should we be auctioneers? 

Wouldst thou be a shipwright ? Should you be clergymen ? 
Would he be a mariner ? Should they be attorneys ? 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural, 

1. I may have been 1. We may have been 

2. Thou mayst have been ^^. You may have been 

3. He may have been 3. They may have been 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



71 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

rNTKANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

I may have been desperate. We must have been buoyant. 
Thou may St have been hopeful. Ye must have been cheerful. 
He may have been despondent. They must have been sanguine. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Can T have been desperate ? Can we have been buoyant ? 
Canst thou have been hopeful ? Can ye have been cheerful? 
Can he have been despondent ? Can they have been sanguine ? 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

I can have been a physician. We can have been teachers. 
Thou canst have been a chemist. You can have been musicians. 
He can have been a dentist. They can have been sculptors. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Can I have been a physician ? Can we have been teachers ? 
Canst thou have been a chemist ?Can you have been musicians ? 
Can he have been a dentist ? Can they have been sculptors ? 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 
Singular, Plural. 

1. 1 might have been i. We might have been 

2. Thou mightst have been 2. You might have been 

3. He might have been 3. They might have been 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST -ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

I might have been credulous. We could have been marvellous. 

Thou mightst have been orthodox. You could have been superstitious. 
It might have been wonderful. They could have been mystic. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Could I have been credulous ? Could we have been marvellous ? 

Couldst thou have been orthodox? Could you have been superstitious? 
Could it have been wonderful ? Could they have been mystic ? 



72 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INTRANSITIVE POST- SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

I should have been a painter. We would have been engravers. 

Thou shouldst have been an author.You would have been lithographers. 
He should have been a printer. They would have been founders. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION. 

Should I have been a painter? Would we have been engravers? 

Shouldst thou have been an author ? Would you have been lithographers ? 
Should he have been a printer ? Would they have been founders? 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

2. Be, be thou, or do thou be, 2. Be, be you, or do you be. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST- ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

Be poetical. Be sublime. 

Be thou sentimental. Be ye noble. 

Do thou be imaginary. Do you be vivid. 

INTRANSIT VE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

Be a paper-maker. Be architects. 

Be thou a bookbinder. Be ye carpenters. 

Do thou be a bookseller. Be you cabinet-makers. 

INFINITIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE, (PERFECT.) 

To be To have been 

PARTICIPLES. 
Present Being Perfect. Been 

PRIOR PERFECT. (COMPOUND PERFECT.) 

Having been 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 73 



There are several other verbs, besides the verb to be^ 
that can be used in constructing the intransitive post- 
adjective, and the intransitive post-substantive predi- 
cations. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

I may become pious. We must become studious. 

Thou hast become playful. You might become popular. 
He will become learned They may have become healthy. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

This youth may become a great man. 
These pupils might become good grammarians. 
This speaker will become an eminent orator. 
Our old friend has become a bishop. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

Glass feds smooth. The syrup has boiled thick. 

This apple tastes sour. The sun shines bright. 

The eggs will boil hard. My uncle died rich. 

INTRANSITIVE POST- SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

Trim struts a soldier. She lived a Christian 

She walks a queen. Stephen died a martyr. 

The calf grows an ox. He goes a captain. 

Passive verbs of naming, calling, choosing, appoint- 
ing, and the like, may be also used in forming the post- 
substantive predication, and some of them may be used 
in forming the post-adjective predication. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

This wheat is called good. 

This student was considered talented. 



74 HA^ZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



These cloths have been denominated superfine. 
The land will be thought steril. 
My people shall be made willing. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PKEDICATIOJ?'. 

Those mechanics are called good workmen. 
My father was chosen a representative. 
Your favorite author has been made a bishop. 
These people are denominated Presbyterians. 
These lawyers are considere'd talented men. 
Pupils need not study the above examples^ until tliey have become 
better act^uainted with the passive verb. 



THE TRANSITIVE PREDICATION, 
The essential elements of the transitive predica- 
tion are a nominative case, a transitive verb, and an 
objective case governed by the verb, 

THE TRANSITIVE VERB. 

The transitive verb expresses an action which termi- 
nates on an object. 

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO LOVE. 

Present Tense. Indefinite Past Tense. Perfect Participle. 

Love Loved Loved 

INDICATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular, Plural. 

1. I love 1. We love 

2. Thou lovest 2. You love 

3. He loves 3. They love 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 75 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I admire an observing pupil. 

Thou beholdest the identical person. 

He hears a distinguished preacher. 

We employ an eminent lawyer. 

You venerate the prominent politiciaa. 

They hang the notorious pirate. 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I do love 1. We do love 

2. Thou dost love 2. You do love 

3. He does love 3. They do love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I do visit lofty mountains. 
Thou dost climb the slim mast. 
She does cross the broad street. 
We do ascend the crooked river. 
You do descend the narrow stream. 
They do grade the uneven road. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Thou beholdest the identical person. 

Beholdest is an irregular, transitive verb, indicative 
mode, present tense, singular number, second person, 
and agrees with thou. 

Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 

Person is a common noun, masculine gender, singu- 
lar number, third person, objective case, and governed 
by beholdest. 

Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 



76 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I loved 1. We loved 

2. Thou lovedst 2. You loved 

3. He loved 3. They loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation.. 

I killed a diminutive snake. 
Thou viewedst a huge mountain. 
Charles crossed a prodigious river. 
We saw an enormous elephant. 
You purchased a large schooner. 
The pedlers carried a huiky pack. 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I did love 1. We did love 

2. Thou didst love 2. You did love 

3. He did love 3. They did love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I did wield a heavy sledge. 

Thou didst carry a ponderous weight. 

John did balance a long pole. 

We did preserve a proper equilibrium. 

You did convey a light parcel. 

The laws did require an equal balance. 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE, (PERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural, 

1. I have loved 1. We have loved 

2. Thou hast loved 2. You have loved 

3. He has loved 3. They have loved 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 77 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I have chosen violet hue. 

Thou hast preferred indigo color. 

Jane has purchased a blue riband. 

We have mown the green grass. 

You have bought a yellow peach. 

The ladies have procured orange dresses. 

The commissioners have sold the red house. 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 

Singular. PluraL 

1. I had loved 1. We had loved 

2. Thou hadst loved 2. You had loved 

3. He had loved 3, They had loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I had taken the wrong road. 

Thou hadst missed the right way. 

My mule had known the difficult passes. 

We had visited distant lands. 

You had crossed the vast ocean. 

Our children had learned geography. 

INDEFINITE FUTURE TENSE. (fIRST FUTURE.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall love 1. We shall love 

2. Thou shalt love 2. You shall love 

3. He shall love 3. They shall love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I shall study an accurate arithmetic. 
Thou wilt solve difficult questions. 
Thy son will make the long calculations. 
We shall compute the small items. 
You will meet the whole payment. 
The merchants will make heavy bills. 



7# 



78 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (sECOND FUTURE.) 
Singular, ^ Plural. 

1. I shall have loved 1. We shall have loved 

2. Thou wilt have loved 2. You will have loved 

3. He will have loved 3. They will have loved 

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE, 

Singular, Plural. 

1. If I love 1. If we love 

2. If thou love 2. If you love 

3. If he love 3. If they love 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (iMPERFECT.) 

Singular, Plural, 

1. If I loved 1. If we loved 

2. If thou loved 2. If you loved 

3. If he loved 3. If they loved 

POTENTIAL MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. PluraU 

1. I may love 1. We may love 

2. Thou mayst love 2. You may love 

3. He may love 3. They may love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I may have system. 

Thou canst preserve strict order. 

He must keep an orderly house. 

We may arrange our affairs. 

You can make systematic arrangements. 

The children may create confusion. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



79 



INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I might love 1. We might love 

2. Thou mightst love 2. You might love 

3. He might love 3. They might love 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I might remember historical facts. 

Thou couldst improve thy memory. 

Charles should read sacred history. 

We would relate curious incidents. 

You might forget the most interesting details. 

Creditors would remember tardy debtors. 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may have loved 1. We may have loved 

2. Thou mayst have loved 2. You may have loved 

3. He may have loved 3. They may have loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I may have known the time. 

Thou canst have kept the step. 

His father must have recollected the date. 

We may have observed the exact hour. 

You can have counted the passing moments. 

The students must have studied systematic divinity. 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might have loved 1. We might have loved 

2. Thou mightst have loved 2. You might have loved 

3. He might have loved 3. They might have loved 



80 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples f9r Parsing and Imitation. 

I might have heard the delightful mqsic. 
Thou couldst have caught the brilliant symphony. 
The musician would have perceived the least discord. 
We should have observed the pleasing harmony. 
You should have improved your excellent voice. 
Musicians should have honored Guido Aretine. 

INTERROGATIVE POSITION IN SEVERAL TENSES. 

Does he love metaphorical illustration ? 

Did he admire critical discussions ? 

Has he heard analogical speakers ? 

Had they written severe criticisms? 

Will they regard parabolical writers? 

May I propose a few reasons ? 

Could you understand the metaphysical distinctions? 

Can they have believed the absurd allegories ? 

Should they have rejected conclusive reasoning? 

Could they have preferred forensic argumentations? 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
2. Love, love thou, or do thou love. 2. Love, love you, or do you love. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Observe verbal accuracy. 

Avoid thou a verbose style. 

Do thou learn English grammar. 

Improve your diction. 

Acquire an appropriate phraseology. 

Imitate the most accurate writers. 

INFINITIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

To love To have loved 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 81 

PARTICIPLES. 
Present Loving Perfect. Loved 

PRIOR perfect. (compound PERFECT.) 

Having loved 

Transitive and intransitive verbs may be formed by 
adding their present participle to the verb to he 
through all its variations. 

INDICATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. •* 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I am loving 1. We are loving 

2. Thou art loving 2. You are loving 

3. He is loving 3. They are loving 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

I am sitting. We are wandering. 

Thou art failing. You are sneezing. 

The water is rising. The serpeats are creeping. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
/ am sitting. 

/ is a personal pronoun, singular number, first per- 
son, and nominative case to am sitting. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 

^m sitting is an irregular, intransitive verb, indica- 
tive mode, present tense, singular number, first person, 
and agrees with /. 

Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 



82 HAZEIS'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

TRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

The farmer is driving his tardy cattle. 

The chemist is preparing some powerful medicines. 

The sculptors are carving some beautiful figures. 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE, (IMPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I Avas loving 1. We were loving 

2. Thou wast loving 2. You were loving 

3. He was loving 3. They w^ere loving 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

I was leaning. We were hesitating. 

Thou wast jumping. You were fattening. 

The boy was hopping. The monsters were floundering. 

TRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

The type-founders were casting large types. 
The architect was planning an elegant building. 
Some carpenters were erecting a spacious barn. 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I have been loving 1. We have been loving 

2. Thou hast been loving 2. You have been loving 

3. He has been loving 3. They have been loving 

The farmer is driving his tardy cattle. 

Cattle is a common noun, masculine gender, plural 
number, third person, objective case, and governed by 
is driving. 

Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 83 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

I have been fishing. We have been whooping. 

Thou hast been chattering. You have been laughing. 
The bird has been flying. The horses have been neighing. 

TRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

These hatters have been felting hat bodies. 
These fishermen have been catching salmon. 
These glaziers have been glazing our windows. 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I had been loving 1. We had been loving 

2. Thou hadst been loving 2. You had been loving 

3. He had been loving 3. They had been loving 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

I had been coughing. We had been quaking. 

Thou hadst been laboring. You had been dreaming. 
The wind had been blowing. The foxes had been barking. 

TRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

The surgeon had been amputating a broken limb. 

The teacher had been admonishing his refractory pupils. 

The ingenuous youth had been acknowledging his fault. 

INDEFINITE FUTURE TENSE. (fIRST FUTURE.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall be loving 1. We shall be loving 

2. Thou shalt be loving 2. You shall be loving 

3. He shall be loving 3. They shall be loving 



^1 



84 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

I shall be emigrating. We shall be murmuring. 

Thou wilt be rambling. You will be reasoning. 

The seed will be vegetating. The novices will be blundering. 

TRANSITIVE PREDICAnON. 

I shall be embellishing my apartments. 

Intelligent parents will be educating their children. 

Envious persons will be slandering their neighbors. 

PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (sECOND FUTURE.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have been loving 1. We shall have been loving 

2. Thou wilt have been loving 2. You will have been loving 

3. He will have been loving 3. They will have been loving 

It appears to be unnecessary to exemplify this form of the 
verb any further, as teachers can easily carry pupils through all 
the modes and tenses without further aid. 



THE PASSIVE PREDICATION. 
The essential elements of the passive predi- 
cation are a nominative case and a passive 
verb. 

THE PASSIVE VERB. 

The passive verb expresses action received by the 
nominative case which introduces it into the sentence. 

The passive verb is formed by adding the perfect 
participle of the transitive verb to the verb to be through 
all its variations. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 85 

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO BE LOVED. 
INDICATIVE MODE. 



PRESENT TENSE. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I am loved 


1. We are loved 


2. Thou art loved 


2. You are loved 


3. He is loved 


3. They are loved 


Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


I am absolved. 


We are admitted. 


Thou art accosted. 


You are advanced. 


He is accused. 


They are abhorred. 


INDEFINITE PAST 


TENSE . (imperfect.) 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. I was loved 


1. We were loved 


2. Thou wast loved 


2. You were loved 


3. He was loved 


3. They were loved 


Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


I was adopted. 


We were amazed. 


Thou wast adorned. 


You were amused. 


The book was abridged. 


Dangers were averted. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
7 am absolved. 
Am absolved is a regular, passive verb, indicative 
mode, present tense, singular number, first person, 
and agrees with /. 

Eule, The verb must agree with its nominative case 
in number and person. 



86 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 


PRESENT PERFECT 


TENSE. (perfect.) 


Singular. 


Plural 


1. I have been loved 


1. We have been loved 


2. Thou hast been loved 


2. You have been loved 


3. He has been loved 


3. They have been loved 


Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


I have been answered. 


We have been missed. 


Thou hast been applauded. 


You have been approved. 


It has been asserted. 


Friends have been rewarded. 


PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 


Singular. 


Plural 


1. I had been loved 


1. We had been loved 


! 2. Thou hadst been loved 


2. You had been loved 


3. He had been loved 


3. They had been loved 


Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


I had been assailed. 


We had been attended. 


Thou hadst been assisted. 


You had been attracted. 


He had been aroused. 


They had been reformed. 


INDEFINITE FUTURE TENSE. (fIRST FUTURE.) 


Singular, 


Plural 


1 1. I shall be loved 


1. We shall be loved 


2. Thou shalt be loved 


2. You shall be loved 


3. He shall be loved 


3. They shall be loved 


Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 


I shall be regarded. 


We shall be undone. 


Thou wilt be animated. 


You shall be sustained. 


He shall be apprehended. 


They will be astonished. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 87 



PRIOR FUTURE TENSE. (sECOND FUTURE.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have been loved 1. We shall have been loved 

2. Thou wilt have been loved 2. You will have been loved 

3. He will have been loved 3. They will have been loved 

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. If I be loved 1. If we be loved 

2. If thou be loved 2. If you be loved 

3. If he be loved 3. If they be loved 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. C (IMPERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. If I were loved 1. If we were loved 

2. If thou wert loved 2. If you w^ere loved 

3. If he were loved 3. If they were loved 

POTENTIAL MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may be loved 1. We may be loved 

2. Thou mayst be loved 2. You may be loved 

3. He may be loved 3. They may be loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I may be appointed. We can be assured. 

Thou mayst be baffled. You can be cajoled. 

It must be allowed. The apples must be assorted. 

INDEFINITE PAST TENSE. (IMPERFECT.) 
Sing ular. Plural. 

1. I mfght be loved 1. We might be loved 

2. Thou mightst be loved 2. You might be loved 

3. He might be loved 3. They might be loved 



88 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I might be coerced. We would be defended. 

Thou mightst be commended. We should be confounded. 
The book might be compiled. Our enemies could be conquered. 

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

Singular. Plural. 

1. I may have been loved 1. We may have been loved 

2. Thou mayst have been loved 2. You may have been loved 

3. He may have been loved 3. They may have been loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I may have been constrained. We must have been dazzled. 

Thou must have been convinced. You may have been deceived. 
It can have been coveted. They can have been defamed. 

PRIOR PERFECT TENSE. (PLUPERFECT.) 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might have been loved 1. We might have been loved 

2. Thou mightst have been loved 2. You might have been loved 

3. He might have been loved 3. They might have been loved 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

1 might have been vexed. We would have been taken. 

Thou couldst have been wooed. You might have been sought. 
The egg should have been boiled. They could have been blessed. 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

2. Be loved, be thou loved, 2. Be loved, be you loved, 
or do thou be loved. or do you be loved. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Be colonized. Be fortified. 

Be thou compensated. Be ye gratified. 

Do thou be enfranchised. Do you be inspirited. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 89 



INFINITIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. (PERFECT.) 

To be loved To have been loved 

PARTICIPLES. 
Present Being loved Perfect. Loved 

PRIOR perfect. (compound PERFECT.) 

Having been loved 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

A defective verb is deficient in some of the principal 
parts common to other verbs. 

All the auxiliary verbs are defective, except do^ 6e, 
have, and loill, which are also used as principal verbs. 

LIST OF DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

Present Tense. Indefinite Past Tense. Present Tense. Indefinite Past Tense. 

May Might 
Can Could 
Must 



Quoth 


Quoth 


Wis 


Wist 


Wit or wot 


Wot 


Ought 






Beware 





Shall Should 

Will Would 

Beware is used chiefly in the imperative mode. Wis^ Wisty 
which signifies to think, or to imagine, is obsolete, although it 
is sometimes met with in the Scriptures. Wot is also used in 
the Scriptures, and to wit, the infinitive present, is frequently 
employed to introduce an enumeration of particulars; as, I 
bought six animals; to wit, one horse, two cows, and three 
sheep. Quoth is obsolete except in poetry and burlesque. It 
does not vary its form, and is chiefly used in the third person 
with the nominative following it ; as, quoth he. 



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HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



93 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 

A verb is irregular, when it does not form the indefinite 
past tense and the perfect participle by adding d or ed to 
the present tense. 

Some of the verbs in the following list are also regular, either in the 
indefinite past tense, or in the perfect participle, or in both. In such 
cases its regularity will be indicated by an R. 

Irregular verbs are of various sorts. 

1. Such as have the present tense, the indefinite past tense, and 
the perfect participle alike. 



^resent 


Indef. Past 


Perf, Part. 


Present 


Indef. Past 


Perf. Part. 


Beat 


Beat 


Beat, beaten 


Set 


Set 


Set 


Burst 


Burst 


Burst 


Shed 


Shed 


Shed 


Cast 


Cast 


Cast 


Shred 


Shred 


Shred 


Cost 


Cost 


Cost 


Shut 


Shut 


Shut 


Cut 


Cut 


Cut 


Slit 


Slit, R 


Slit, R 


Hit 


Hit 


Hit 


Spit 


Spit, spat 


Spit, spitten 


Hurt 


Hurt 


Hurt 


Split 


Split 


Split 


Knit 


Knit, R 


Knit, R 


Spread 


Spread 


Spread 


Let 


Let 


Let 


Sweat 


Sweat 


Sweat 


Put 


Put 


Put 


Thrust 


Thrust 


Thrust 


Quit 


Quit, R 


Quit, R 


Wet 


Wet, R 


Wet,R 


Rid 


Rid 


Rid 


Wont 


Wont, R 


Wont,R 



2. Such as have the indefinite past tense and the perfect partici- 
ple the same, but different from the present tense. 



Present Indef. Past 



Abide 

Bend 

Bereave 

Beseech 

Bind 

Bleed 

Breed 



Abode 

Bent, R 

Bereft, R 

Besought 

Bound 

Bled 

Bred 



Perf. PaH. 

Abode 

Bent, R 

Bereft, R 

Besought 

Bound 

Bled 

Bred 



Present 

Bring 

Build 

Buy 

Catch 

Cling 

Creep 

Deal 



Indef. Past Perf. Part. 
Brought Brought 



Built, R 
Bought 
Caught 
Clung 
Crept, R 
Dealt, R 



Built, R 
Bought 
Caught 
Clung 
Crept, R 
Dealt, R 



94 


HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 


[ 


Present 


Indef. Past 


Perf. Part. 


Present 


Jndef, Past 


Perf. Part. 


Dig 


Dug, R 


Dug, R 


Send 


Sent 


Sent 


Dream 


Dreamt, R Dreamt, R 


Shine 


Shone, R 


Shone, R 


Dwell 


Dwelt, R 


Dwelt, R 


Shoe 


Shod 


Shod 


Feed 


Fed 


Fed 


Shoot 


Shot 


Shot 


Feel 


Felt 


Felt 


Shrink 


Shrunk, 


Shrunk 


Fight 


Fought 


Fought 




shr2Lnk 




Find 


Found 


Found 


Sing 


Sung, sang Sung 


Flee 


Fled 


Fled 


Sink 


Sunk, sank Sunk 


Fling 


Flung 


Flung 


Sit 


Sat 


Sat 


Get 


Got 


Got, gotten 


Sleep 


Slept 


Slept 


Gild 


Gilt, R 


Gilt, R 


Sling 


Slung, 


Slung 


Gird 


Girt, R 


Girt, R 




slang 




Grind 


Ground 


Ground 


Slink 


Slunk, 


Slunk 


Hang 


Hung,R 


Hung, R 




slank 




Have 


Had 


Had 


Speed 


Sped 


Sped 


Hear 


Heard 


Heard 


Spend 


Spent 


Spent 


Hold 


Held 


Held 


Spill 


Spilt, R 


Spilt, R 


Keep 


Kept 


Kept 


Spin 


Spun 


Spun 


Kneel 


Knelt, R 


Knelt, R 


Spring 


Sprung, 


Sprung 


Lay 


Laid 


Laid 




sprang 




Lead 


Led 


Led 


Stand 


Stood 


Stood 


Leave 


Left 


Left 


Stick 


Stuck 


Stuck 


Lend 


Lent 


Lent 


Sting 


Stung 


Stung 


Light 


Lit, R 


Lit, R 


Strike 


Struck 


Struck, 


Lose 


Lost 


Lost 






stricken 


Make 


Made 


Made 


String 


Strung, R 


Strung, R 


Mean 


Meant 


Meant 


Sweep 


Swept 


Swept 


Meet 


Met 


Met 


Swim 


Swum, 


Swum 


Pay 


Paid 


Paid 




swam 




Read 


Read 


Read 


Swing 


Swung 


Swung 


Reave 


Reft, R 


Reft, R 


Teach 


Taught 


Taught 


Rend 


Rent 


Rent 


Tell 


Told 


Told 


Ride 


Rode 


Rode, rid- 


Think 


Thought 


Thought 






den 


Weep 


Wept 


Wept 


Ring 


Rung, rang Rang 


Win 


Won 


Won 


Say 


Said 


Said 


Wind 


Wound 


Wound 1 


Seek 


Sought 


Sought 


Work 


Wrought,R Wrought, R || 


Sell 


Sold 


Sold 


Wring 


Wrung, R 


Wrung, R 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL 


GRAMMAR. 95 


3. Such as have the indefinite 


past tense and perfect participle 


different. 










Present Ind^. Past 


Per/. Part. 


Present 


Indef. Past 


Perf. ParU 


Am Was 


Been 


Hide 


Hid 


Hidden, hid 


Arise Arose 


Arisen 


Know 


Knew 


Known 


Awake Awoke, R 


Awaked 


Lade 


Laded 


Laden, R 


Bear, Bore, bare 


Born 


Lie 


Lay 


Lain 


Bear, Bore, bare 


Borne 


Mow 


Mowed 


Mown, R 


to carry. 




Rise 


Rose 


Risen 


Begin Began 


Begun 


Rive 


Rived 


Riven, R 


Bid Bid, bade 


Bidden, bid 


Rot 


Rotted 


Rotten, R 


Bite Bit 


Bitten, bit 


Run 


Ran 


Run 


Blow Blew 


Blown 


Saw 


Sawed 


Sawn, R 


Break Broke, brake Broken 


See 


Saw 


Seen 


Chide Chid 


Chidden, chid Seethe Sod, R 


Sodden, R 


Choose Chose 


Chosen 


Shake 


Shook 


Shaken 


Cleave, Cleft, clove 


Cleft, cloven 


Shape 


Shaped 


Shapen, R 


to split. 




Shave 


Shaved 


Shaven, R 


Cleave, Clave, R 


Cleaved 


Shear 


Sheared 


Shorn, R 


to adhere. 




Show 


Showed 


Shown, R 


Clothe Clothed, clad Clad, R 


Slay 


Slew 


Slain 


Come Came 


Come 


Slide 


Shd 


Slidden, slid 


Crow Crew, R 


Crowed 


Smite 


Smote 


Smitten, smit 


Do Did 


Done 


Sow 


Sowed 


Sown, R 


Draw Drew 


Drawn 


Speak 


Spoke, spak 


5 Spoken 


Drink Drank 


Drunk 


Steal 


Stole 


Stolen 


Drive Drove 


Driven 


Stride 


Strode, strid 


Stridden 


Eat Eat, ate 


Eaten 


Strive 


Strove 


Striven 


Fall Fell 


Fallen 


Strow 


Strowed 


Strown, R 


Fly Flew 


Flown 


Swear Swore, sware Sworn 1 1 


Forbear Forbore 


Forborne 


Swell 


Swelled 


Swollen, R y 


Forget Forgot Forgotten, forgot Take 


Took 


Taken 


Forsake Forsook 


Forsaken 


Tear 


Tore, tare 


Tom 


Freeze Froze 


Frozen 


Thrive Throve, R 


Thriven, R 


Give Gave 


Given 


Throw Threw, R 


Thrown, R 


Go Went 


Gone 


Tread 


Trod 


Trodden, trod 


Grave Graved 


Graven, R 


Wake 


Woke, R 


Waked 


Grow Grew 


Grown 


Wear 


Wore 


Worn 


Heave Hove, R 


Hoven, R 


Weave Wove 


Woven 


Hew Hewed 


Hewn, R 


V/rite 


Wrote 


Written 



96 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

Some Terbs are used with the pronoun it, to express 
some action or state, without reference to any particular 
agent. Verbs used in this manner are called impersonal 
verbs. 

Me is sometimes prefixed to the verb. In such case 
me is the agent of the verb, notwithstanding its objec- 
tive form. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

It rains. It behooveth Methinks. , 

It snowed. It will become. Methought. 

It will thunder. It irketh. 



ADVERTISEMENT. 

The SECOND PART of the grammar is appended to the 
FIRST PART without the formality of a separate title, as it 
will never be published in a separate volume. 

In going through the first part pupils will most com- 
monly have worn it out, or soiled it so much, that it 
would be inexpedient to use it any further, even in re- 
viewing what they have already studied. 

The pupil should now have the entire book, not only 
for the further prosecution of the subject, but also for 
occasional review. The publication of the first part 
alone will be beneficial to young^ pupils, and save parents 
some expense. 



HAZEN'S 

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 



AND 



INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITION. 



PART IL 



THE ADVERB. 

An adverb is a word added to a verb, participle, ad- 
jective, and sometimes to another adverb, to modify the 
import of the predication or phrase. 

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 

Some adverbs are varied to express comparison. Such 
have three degrees of comparison ; namely, the positive, 
the comparative, and the superlative. 

Adverbs are compared by adding to the positive er 
for the comparative, and est for the superlative ; or by 
prefixing more or less, to form the comparative, and most 
or least, to form the superlative. 



98 



hazen's practical grammar. 



Positive. 

Near 
Soon 
Late 
Fast 

Positive. 



COMPARISON BY ER AND EST. 

Comparative. Superlative. 

Nearer Nearest 

Sooner Soonest 

Later Latest 

Faster Fastest 



Bravely 
Swiftly 
Carefully 
Fervently 



BY MORE AND MOST, LESS AND LEAST. 

Superlative. 

^fosl bravely 
Most swiftly 
Least carefully 
Least fervently 



Comparative. 

More bravely 
More swiftly 
Less carefully 
Less fervently 



IRREGULAR COMPARISON, 

Positive Comparative, Superlative, 

Well Better Best 

Badly or ill Worse Worst 

Little Less Least 

Much More Most 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Adverbs qualify verbs. 
Adverbs qualify participles. 
Adverbs qualify adjectives. 
Adverbs qualify adverbs. 

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS. 

Adverbs may be divided into eight classes ; namely, 

1. Of manner or quality. 5. Of doubt. 

2. Of degree or quantity. 6. Of affirmation. 

3. Of place. 7. Of negation. 

4. Of time. 8. Of means or cause. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 99 



1. ADVERBS OF MANNER OR QUALITY. 

Nearly all of the adverbs of this class are formed by 
affixing ly to adjectives. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I sleep soundly. We hear attentively. 

You sit patiently. You stay obligingly. 

The horse stands quietly. Interests clash vexatiously. 

The exiles were repining miserably. 
The workmen were laboring industriously. 
The class have been studying diligently. 
The lady had been weeping bitterly. 

Your barber cuts hair fashionably. 
Mariners have safely traversed vast oceans. 
Some clergymen exhort sinners zealously. 
The physician had treated his patient skilfully. 

Those lawyers are earnestly defending their clients. 
The lecturer is treating the subject scientifically. 
That fisherman has been catching fish adroitly. 
The young people are spending the evening agreeably. 

The careless servant was severely chastised. 
The surgical operation was dexterously performed. 
The painting will be tastefully executed. 
The offence was given undesignedly 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
/ sleep soundly, 
I sleep soundly is an intransitive predication. 
Soundly, \s an adverb of manner, and qualifies sleep. 
Rule. Adverbs qualify verbs. 

The addition of an adverb to a sentence has no influence in 
changing any constmction. 



100 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



2. ADVERBS OF DEGREE. 

Adverbs of degree may be subdivided as follows, 

1. Into those of abundance or excess; as, much, too, very, 
greatly, far, besides ; chiefly, principally, mainly, generally ; 
entirely, full, fully, completely, perfectly ; wholly, totally, alto- 
gether, all, quite, clear, stark ; exceedingly, excessively, intoler- 
ably, immeasurably, inconceivably, infinitely; enough, suffi- 
ciently, equally, remarkably ; how, however, howsoever, so. 

2. Into those of deficiency or abatement ; as, little, scarcely, 
hardly, merely, barely, only, but, partly, particularly, nearly, 
almost, somewhat. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The officers arrived rather too late. 

The army should proceed more cautiously. 

The company have assembled much too early. 

The cars are moving remarkably fast. 

The lads have been working very steadily. 

The work was progressing most prosperously. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The officers arrived rather too late. 
The officers arrived rather too late^ is an intransitive pre- 
dication. 

Rather is an adverb of degree and qualifies too. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify adverbs. 

Too is an adverb, and qualifies late. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify adverbs. 

Late is an adverb of time, and qualifies arrived. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify verbs. 

The army should proceed mora cautiously. 
The army should proceed more cautiously, is an intran- 
sitive predication. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



101 



The poor beast is exceedingly thirsty. 

The old man was excessively penurious. 

The young man has been stark mad. 

Our prospects will become decidedly better. 

The dealer had been sufficiently cautious. 

The young ladies have been singularly prudish. 

A truly good man worships God. 

My father owns much well improved land. 

My pupils have learned their lessons decidedly better. 

These divines are advocating sentiments totally different. 

My mother was expecting a likeness critically correct, 

A hideously ugly man has been watching our movements. 

Nearly every man was slain. 

A surprisingly huge bear has been taken. 

The atrociously wicked man should be apprehended. 

An eminently successful preacher has been engaged. 

3. ADVERBS OF PLACE. 

Adverbs of place may be subdivided as follows, 
1. Into those of the place in which ; as, where, here, there, 
yonder, above, below, about, around; somewhere, anywhere, 
elsewhere, everywhere, nowhere, within, without, whereabout, 
hereabout, thereabout. 

More cautiously is an adverb of manner, in the com- 
parative degree, and qualifies should proceed. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify verbs. 

More is the adverb of degree in the above example, and it 
might be parsed separately as such, qualifying cautiously. But 
more and most, less and least are established means of regular 
comparison both of the adjective and adverb, and are therefore 
generally parsed with the words which they qualify, as in the 
above formula. 



102 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

2. Into those of the place to which ; as, whither, hither, 
thither ; in, up, down, back, forth, inward, upward, downward, 
backward, forward. 

Where, here, and there, are used for whither, hither, and thither in 
conversation and familiar writing. 

3. Into those of the place from which ; as, hence, whence, 
thence, away, off, out. 

4. Into those of the order of place ; as first, secondly, &c. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I am here. Where am I ? 

Thou art there. An thou here ? 

The youth is yonder. Must I go first ? 

The doctor is within. Can your son run about ? 

God is everywhere present. 
Clouds are nowhere visible. 
Thence the prospect was sublime. 
Here the landscape was beautiful. 

Turn back our nature's rapid tide. 

Thither will I direct my steps. 

The huckster is bringing in some vegetables. 

The carman has been carrying down furniture. 

The kite was wafted upward. 
These goods have been secreted somewhere. 
The young man may be enticed away. 
The ship has been driven ashore. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Where am II 
Where am II is an intransitive predication, and inter- 
rogative position. 

Where is an adverb of place, and qualifies am. 
Rule. Adverbs qualify verbs. 



hazen's practical grammar. 103 



4. ADVERBS OF TIME. 

Adverbs of time may be subdivided as follows, 

1. Into those of time present ; as, now, to-day, yet. 

2. Into those of time past ; as, already, lately, recently, 
anciently, before, yesterday, hitherto, heretofore, long since, 
long ago. 

3. Into those of time to come ; as, to-morrow, not yet, here- 
after, henceforth, by and by, soon, erelong, presently, instantly, 
immediately, straightway. 

4. Into those of time absolute; as always, ever, never, eter- 
nally, perpetually. 

5. Into those of time repeated ; oft, often, again, occasional- 
ly, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, now and then, daily, 
weekly, monthly, yearly, once, twice, &c. 

6. Into those of order of time; as, first, secondly, thirdly, &c. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Has my son yet returned ? 
That high functionary has long been popular. 
This good man has long since been dead. 
Can a spendthrift ever become wealthy? 

This way is never a tedious route. 

By and by this man will be president. 

That gentleman has once been a judge. 

Will this politician finally be our chief magistrate ? 

We sometimes apprehend danger. 

Hitherto the Lord hath helped us. 

I have repeatedly seen the menagerie. 

The professor will soon have finished his lecture. 

Will the sale be held to-morrow? 

Will the journal be published monthly ? 

The case has not yet been settled. 

A suspicious character has been frequently seen. 



104 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



5. ADVERBS OF DOUBT. 

Haply, perhaps, peradvenlure, possibly, perchance. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Perhaps he will admit ray plea. 
He may, perchance, obtain the ascendency. 
The old man may possibly survive his children. 
Peradventure the hunter may hit the deer. 

6. ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION. 

Yes, yea, ay, verily, truly, indeed, surely, certainly, really, 
undoubtedly, doubtless, doubtlessly, assuredly. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

Yes, the author did really succeed. 
The workmen are certainly diligent. 
The letters are undoubtedly genuine. 
Verily, thou art an unjust man. 
Truly, Solomon was a wise man. 

7. ADVERBS OF NEGATION. 

No, nay, not, nowise, not at all. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The bill will not pass. 

No, I cannot become a vagabond. 

I will nowise admit disorderly conduct. 

The passengers were not at all injured. 

8. ADVERBS OF MEANS OR CAUSE. 

Why, hereby, thereby, wherefore, therefore, consequently. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I will therefore call again. 

Why is your daughter so diffident? 

Hereby ye shall know them. 

The note was consequently protested. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



105 



THE INTERJECTION. 

An interjection is a word, or a combination of a few 
words, employed to express sudden passion or emotion, 
without having any constructive dependance on other 
words. 

LIST OF THE INTERJECTIONS. 

1. Of joy ; eigh ! hey ! io ! 

2. Of sorrow ; oh ! ah ! alas ! alack ! welladay 

3. Of wonder ; heigh ! ha ! strange ! 

4. Of wishing or earnestness ; ! 

5. Of pain ; oh I ah ! eh ! 

6. Of contempt ; fudge ! poh ! pshaw ! pish ! tush ! 

7. Of aversion; foh ! fie! off! begone! avaunt! 

8. Of calling aloud ; ho ! soho ! hollo ! 

9. Of exultation ; aha ! huzza ! hurrah ! heydey ! 

10. Of laughter ; ha ! ha ! ha ! 

11. Of salutation; welcome ! hail ! all hail ! 

12. Of calling attention to ; lo ! behold ! look ! see ! bark ! 

13. Of commanding silence ; hush! hist! mum! 

14. Of surprise ; oh ! ha ! hah ! what ! 

1 5. Of languor ; heigh-ho ! 

16. Of stopping; avast! whoh! 



Note.— Interjections being used to express sudden feeling rather than 
thought, seldom have a definable meaning. Their use is also so varia- 
ble that it is impossible to give them an unexceptionable classification. 
Some significant words, commonly belonging to other classes of words, 
become interjections, when uttered with emotion, and in an unconnected 
manner. 

This part of speech should be used sparingly, both in conversation and 
in writing ; as the frequent use of these undefinable exclamations is in- 
dicative of thoughtlessness, and weakness of mind. 



106 hazen's practical grammar. 



APPOSITION. 

Apposition is the addition of a noun or pronoun to 
another noun or pronoun by way of explanation. 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 

A noun or pronoun, added to another noun or pro- 
noun by way of explanation, is in the same case by ap- 
position. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Adam, the first man. I, Paul. 

Eve, the first woman. St. John, the divine. 

Abraham, the patriarch. Peter, the hermit. 

The patriarch Abraham. Luther, the reformer. 

Moses, the Jewish lawgiver. Wesley, the methodist. 

Aaron, the high priest. William, the conqueror. 

Samson, the Jewish giant. Cicero, the Roman orator. 

David, the psalmist. Cato, the censor. 

Solomon, the king. Virgil, a Latin poet. 

Elijah, the prophet. Bacon, the philosopher. 

John, the baptist. Hume, the historian. 

Paul, the apostle. Howard, the philanthropist. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Adam^ the first man. 

Man is a common noun, masculine gender, singular 
number, third person, nominative case, and in apposi- 
tion with Adam, 

Rule. A noun or pronoun, added to another noun or 
pronoun by way of explanation, is in the same case by 
apposition. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



107 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Adam, the first man, committed the original sin. 
Moses, the Jewish lawgiver, was a meek man. 
Samson, the Jewish giant, slew many Philistines. 
Solomon, the king, wrote many wise proverbs. 
Elijah, the prophet, was translated. 
John, the baptist, was beheaded, 
Paul, the apostle, wrote many epistles. 
Luther, the reformer, was a fearless man. 
William, the conqueror, subdued England. 
I, Paul, myself beseech you. 
Edward despatched the letter himself. 
They bid in the property themselves. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
/, Paul^ myself beseech you. 

/, Paul, myself heseech you^ is a transitive predica- 
tion. 

Paul is a proper noun, masculine gender, singular 
number, third person, nominative case, and in apposition 
with /. 

Rule. A noun or pronoun, added to another noun or 
pronoun by way of explanation, is in the same case by 
apposition. 

Myself is a compound personal pronoun, compound- 
ed of my and self singular number, first person, nomi- 
native case, and in apposition with /. 

Himself in the next example, is in apposition with 
Edward, 

Themselves^ in the last sentence, is in apposition with 
they. 



108 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE INDEPENDENT CASE. 

The independent case denotes that the noun or pro- 
noun is free from any constructive dependance on any 
other word. 

RULE OF SYNTAX. 

When a noun or pronoun is free from any constructive 
dependance on any other word, it is in the independent 
case. 

A noun is in the independent case under the four fol- 
lowing circumstances, 

1. When used in direct address. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Charles, you should retire. 

Where are your garden implements, my son? 

My daughter, have you been studious to-day? 

Will you be a good boy, Henry? 

Brother, father has purchased a fine horse. 

Mr. Editor, has any fresh news been received ? 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Charles^ you should retire. 
Charles is a proper noun, singular number, second 
person, and independent case. 

Rule. When a noun or pronoun is free from any 
I constructive dependence on any other word, it is in the 
I ^dependent case. 

The words which are here said to be in the independent case, 
are usually parsed by grammarians as in the nominative case 
independent. The change is an improvement which must be 
obvious to every good grammarian. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 109 



2. When introduced abruptly for the sake of emphasis, 
by a figure of speech called pleonasm. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Our fathers, where are they? 

The prophets, do they live forever? 

My friends, they have deserted me. 

Our country, may she be forever free. 

The clergy, may they be holy men. 

The sword, may it become a ploughshare. 

3. When used by mere exclamation, without words, 
expressed or understood, on which it may depend. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Oh ! the intolerably hard times. 
Oh ! the future judgement. 
Ah ! the excruciating pain. 
Alas! the poor Indian. 
Alas ! my unfortunate brother. 

4. When used independently with a participial phrase. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The officers having fallen, the soldiers gave way. 
The axe being dull, the wood-cutter exerted more strength. 
The teacher being a surly man, the pupils did not like him. 
The old gentleman having finished the kite, the boys were 

greatly delighted. 
The ship having been fully laden, the captain immediately set 

sail. 

The last four examples have been introduced here for the 
sake of aff*ording an entire view of the independent case : but, 
as the pupil is not yet prepared to understand them, ihey should 
be passed over for the present. 

10 



110 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE PREPOSITION. 

Prepositions connect prepositional phrases to the 
predications and to other phrases. 

LIST OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Of 


In 


Towards 


Past 


From 


Into 


About 


Between 


On 


At 


Round 


Betwixt 


Upon 


By 


Around 


Up 


Over 


With 


Beside 


Down 


Above 


Within 


Besides 


Off 


Before 


Without 


Amid 


For 


Behind 


Through 


Amidst 


Out of 


After 


Throughout 


Among 


Instead of 


Below 


To 


Amongst 


Since 


Under 


Unto 


Across 


Till 


Beneath 


Against 


Athwart 


Until 


Underneath 


Toward 


Beyond 


But 


A few other words which 


are commonly regarded as prepo- 


sitions, will be explained hereafter. 





RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Prepositions connect prepositional phrases to the 

predications and to other phrases. 
Prepositions govern the objective case. 



Note. — In nearly every grammar, a preposition is said to connect 
words together, and to show the relation between them. The author 
of this work has differed considerably in his definition of this part of 
speech : but he presumes that grammarians will acknowledge its accura- 
cy, after having carefully examined the prepositional phrases in connec- 
tion with the predications, in the pages which immediately follow. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. Ill 

THE PHRASES. 
A phrase is a single participle or gerundive, or 
an association of words attached to a predication, or 
to another phrase or independent word. 

CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASES. 

There are five kinds of phrases; namely, the preposi- 
tional, the participial, the gerundive, the preposi- 
tional gerundive, and the infinitive. 

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. 

The essential elements of a prepositional phrase 
are a preposition, and a noun or pronoun in the ob- 
jective case. 



Note. — Nearly every prepositional phrase has the nature of an adverb; 
and had it not been for a few cases where they are not so, chey would 
have been denominated adverbial phrases. Their similarity or identity 
is exhibited by the following examples ; — 

The young ladies write accurately. 

The young ladies write with accvracy. 

Where does your son reside? 

In what place J does your son reside? 

Hitherto the Lord has helped us. 

To this moment^ the Lord hath helped us. 

The letters are undoubtedly genuine. 

The letters are, without doubt, genuine. 
Prepositional phrases, thus modifying the import of the predications and 
other phrases like adverbs, might, in most cases, be parsed as qualifying 
certain words like adverbs ; but, because a rule to this effect would not 
be always applicable, it has been thought preferable to say that the prep- 
osition connects the phrase to some word in the predication or phrase. 
When the phrase has adverbial power, it should be connected in parsing 
to the very word which, as an adverb, it would qualify. In other cases, 
it should be connected to the word on which it manifestly depends. 



112 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OF OR FROM. 

Of my studies From good wool 

Of ancient Rome From experience 

Of consummate prudence From this audience 

Of St. Paul From these premises 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I am very fond ' of my studies. 
Numa was the seco.id king * of ancient Rome. 
Washington was a man * of consummate prudence. 
I have carefully read the epistles * of St. Paul. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
/ am very fond ' of my studies. 

I am very fond — Intransitive post-adjective pred. 

Of my studies — Prepositional phrase. 

Of is a preposition, and connects the phrase, of my 
studies^ to the adjective fond. 

Rule. Prepositions connect prepositional phrase to 
the predications and to other phrases. 

Studies is a common noun, neuter gender, plural 
number, third person, objective case, and governed 
^Y of 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 



Note, — To aid in establishing in the minds of learners the distinction 
between the predications and phrases, they should be required to lay oflf 
the sentences or paragraphs by predication and phrase, as in the above 
formula. This can be expeditiously done by pausing while reading it at 
the end of each division, and telling to what predication or phrase it 
may belong. In each example for illustration, the division is marked by 
an apostrophe, which is turned towards the phrase that immediately fol- 
lows or piecedes it. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



113 



The cloth has been made ' from good wool. 
The teacher has drawn his rules 'from experience. 
From this audience' a candid investigation is expected. 
From these premises' we may draw this conclusion. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH ON. 

On the ground On Saturday last 

On the flute On that occasion 

On the eastern bank On urgent business 

On his honor On her eldest son 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The hardy soldier sometimes sleeps ' on the ground. 

This musician plays skilfully * on the flute. 

Troy is situated * on the eastern bank * of the Hudson. 

He made the declaration 'on his honor. 

On Saturday last' I visited the insane hospital. 

On that occasion' he displayed great presence ' of mind. 

He then left the city 'on urgent business. 

The lady relied implicitly 'on her eldest son. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The cloth was made ^from good wool. 
The cloth was made — Passive predication. 
From good wool — ^Pr epos it ion a 1 phrase. 
From is a preposition, and connects the phrase, jfro7» 
good wool^ to the verb was made. 

Rule. Prepositions connect prepositional phrases to 
the predications, and to other phrases. 
From this audience* a candid investigation is expected. 
From this audience — Prepositional phrase. 
A candid investigation is expected — ^Passive predication, 
From is a preposition, and connects the phrase, /ro;?^ 
this audience^ to the verb is expected. 



10* 



114 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH UPON. 

Upon one foot Upon certain conditions 

Upon a high mountain Upon our repentance 

Upon a bold enterprise Upon the settlers 

Upon mortgage Upon his good behavior 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The boy stood * upon one foot. 
The gentlemen sat * upon a high mountain. 
That officer has gone *upon a bold enterprise. 
The gentleman can borrow money * upon mortgage. 
Upon certain conditions' the favor was granted. 
Upon our repentance' we expect forgiveness. 
The savages came suddenly * upon the settlers. 
The young man was put 'upon his good behavior. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OVER. 

Over the broad river Over night 

Over many things Over the way 

Over all his works Over his foes 

Over the race ground Over our difficulties 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The gull is flying * over the broad river. 

I will make thee ruler ' over many things. 

His tender mercies are * over all his works. 

The horses must be daily rode *over the race ground. 

The good lady prepared breakfast 'over night. 

The orphan asylum is situated ' over the way. 

That persecuted man has finally triumphed * over his foes. 

We have at length got ' over our difficulties. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH ABOVE. 

Above his head Above disguise 

Above my reach Above my comprehension 

Above a week Above meridian brightness 

Above twenty feet Above measure 



hazen's practical grammar. 115 
Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

He saw a sword * above his head. 

This station is * above my reach. 

My father was sick * above a week. 

The water rose 'above twenty feet. 

This politician is ' above disguise. 

This phenomenon is ' above my comprehension. 

The light shone 'above meridian brightness. 

St. Paul was in stripes ' above measure. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BEFORE OR BEHIND, 

Before his desk Behind his desk 

Before daylight Behind the rest 

Before the rest Behind the times 

Before the world Behind their back 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The clerk was standing ' before his desk. 

The stage will start 'before daylight. 

This traveller advanced 'before the rest. 

The man now stands 'before the world' a criminal. 

The clerk was standing ' behind his desk. 

This traveller lagged ' behind the rest. 

That school-book is ' behind the times. 

The pilgrims cast the world ' behind their backs. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BELOW OR AFTER. 

Below par After sunrise 

Below its value After other gods 

Below stairs After the flesh 

Below the stars After his daughter 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

The money of that bank is ' below par. 
The property was sold 'below its value. 
Your old crony is 'below stairs. 
We inhabit a region 'below the stars. 



116 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The steam-boat starts soon 'after sunrise. 

Ye shall not go * after other gods. 

Ye should not walk * after the flesh. 

The gentleman will soon be here * after his daughter. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH UNDER. 

Under their umbrellas Under a false impression 

Under foreign governors Under severe misfortunes 

Under clear water Under severe penalties 

Under the regular price Under consideration 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

The people stood * under their umbrellas. 

The province has been 'under foreign governors. 

"We can see objects ' under clear water. 

The goods will be sold ' under the regular price. 

Your mind lies ' under a false impression. 

Your friend has labored 'under severe misfortunes. 

The crime has been forbidden 'under severe penalties. 

The senate has the subject ' under consideration. . 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BENEATH OR UNDERNEATH. 
Beneath the ice Underneath this stone 

Beneath your station Underneath the surface 

Beneath oppression Underneath this covering 

Beneath a heavy burden Underneath these blankets 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Beneath the ice' flows a crystal stream. 
Such views are ' beneath your station. 
The people are groaning ' beneath oppression. 
The camel rose 'beneath a heavy burden. 

Underneath this stone' lie his remains. 
The mole makes his way ' underneath the surface. 
There is something mysterious ' underneath this covering. 
We may sleep comfortably 'underneath these blankets. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 117 



PHRASES BEGINNING WITH IN, 

In this house In truth 

In great trouble In the winter 

In due time In a thousand 

In your coffee In excellent health 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The governor resides *in this house. 
I found my friends 'in great trouble. 
Your letter was received ' in due time. 
Will you have more cream ' in your cojffee ? 
I would make this declaration * in truth. 
Such studies should be pursued ' in the winter. 
We cannot answer * for one sin * in a thousand. 
I left my family ' in excellent health. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH INTO. 

Into this house Into thy presence 

Into great trouble Into good hands 

Into your coffee Into several farms 

Into the post office Into many explanations 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The governor has just gone 'into this house. 
He plunged his friends 'into great trouble. 
Shall I pour more cream 'into your coffee? 
I have put my letter ' into the post office. 
We will come 'into thy presence. 
The property has fallen 'into good hands. 
The tract may be divided 'into several farms. 
The orator entered 'into many explanations. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH AT, 

At the front door At a mark 

At our first interview At his ease 

At all events At will 

At a great sacrifice At sight 



118 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

There is a stranger *at the front door. 

This proposition was made * at our first interview. 

At all events' you should be there *at the proper time. 

My neighbor sold his farm ' at a great sacrifice. 

The rifle company were shooting 'at a mark. 

This gentleman lives ' at his ease 'in the state *of Ohio. 

The estate can be converted 'into cash 'at will. 

The banker will pay the draft ' at sight. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BY. 

By a warm fire By night 

By moon light By speculation 

By the sheep-fold By the ship-load 

By the sleepy watchman By that fine plantation 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The company were seated ' by a warm fire. 

The hunting party could find their way ' by moonlight. 

The wild beast passed ' by the sheep-fold * in the night. 

The thief crept slyly ' by the sleepy watchman. 

The body was stolen away 'by night. 

Many fortunes have been gained 'by speculation. 

This merchant sends tobacco * to Bremen 'by the ship-load. 

How came this man 'by that fine plantation? 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH WITH. 

With a steel pen With good advice 

With my rustic cane With me 

With intense pain With the secret 

With severe adversity With any man 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The lady writes beautifully ' with a steel pen. 

I am much pleased 'with my rustic cane. 

I have been afflicted ' with intense pain ' in the side. 

He has struggled long 'with severe adversity. 



.11 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



119 



The missionary gave * to me' a Bible * with good advice. 
This gentleman travelled * with me * from New York. 
The lady has intrusted me *with the secret. 
This gamester can play chess * with any man. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH WITHIN OR WITHOUT. 

Within his park Without hard labor 

Within their means Without any apparent means 

Within a league Without a book 

Within a month Without our reach 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The noble lord keeps his deer * within his park. 
Prudent persons live * within their means. 
The city is * within a league *from this place. 
I may be ' in Philadelphia ' within a month. 

Some persons can live ' without hard labor. 
Many persons subsist * without any apparent means. 
*This pupil frequently comes here * without a book. 
Such attainments lie 'without our reach. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH THROUGH OR THROUGHOUT. 



Through the air 
Through fear 
Through thy truth 
Through the empire 



Throughout Europe 
Throughout these proceedings 
Throughout the war 
Throughout the long winter 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The birds flit beautifully ' through the air. 
The cowardly thief trembled ' through fear. 
Sanctify them ' through thy truth. 
The emperor travelled ' through the empire. 

These principles prevail ' throughout Europe. 

Tyranny has been manifest ' throughout these proceedings. 

This company has served ' throughout the war. 

He was confined to the house ' throughout the long winter. 



120 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH TO. 

To the water's edge To ourselves 

To a good trade To a fault 

To a friend To his ruin 

To your faith To the life 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The line * of the lot' extends ' to the water's edge. 

The widow bound her son ' to a good trade. 

These letters were addressed * to a friend. 

Add ' to your faith' virtue. 

We may sometimes keep our thoughts 'to ourselves. 

The sailor is commonly generous * to a fault. 

The youth has been lured * to his ruin. 

The gentleman has been painted ' to the life. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH UNTO OR AGAINST. 

Unto thee Against the wall 

Unto them Against reason 

Unto mount Sion Against every man 

Unto the place Against winter 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Unto thee' will I direct my prayer. 
The Lord Jesus said *unto them. 
Ye are come * unto Mount Sion. 
We are journeying * unto the place. 

The spade stands ' against the wall. 
The law is sometimes * against reason. 
His hand is ' against every man. 
The bee lays up honey * against winter. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH TOWARD, TOWARDS^ OR ABOUT. 

Toward the wilderness About the pasture 

Toward his brethren About a warm stove 

Towards fifteen years About their business 

Towards home About the trunk 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



121 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

He set his face * toward the wilderness. 
Joseph had no evil eye ' toward his brethren. 
The family remained there ' towards fifteen years. 
The horses turned their heads * towards home. 
The colts capered ' about the pasture. 
The guests sat ' about a warm stove. 
The workmen then went ' about their business. 
The tree will measure three feet * about the trunk. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH ROUND, AROUND, ij-c. 

Round the district Amid the clouds 

Round his adversary Amid the leaves 

Around a plentiful table Amidst the wheat 

Around the travellers Amidst his people 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The teacher boarded * round the district. 

The lawyer got 'round his adversary. 

The family sat ^ around a plentiful table. 

The villagers gathered * around the traveller. 

The eagle can soar 'amid the clouds. 

The apples hang thick ' amid the leaves. 

Tares grow ' amidst the wheat. 

That clergyman lives happily ' amidst his people. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BESIDE OR BESIDES, 

Beside his father Besides this farm 

Beside the fence Besides these boys 

Beside its mother Besides this man 

Beside himself Besides these sums 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The young Indian stood ' beside his father. 
The drunken man was lying ' beside the fence. 
The infant was laid 'in the grave 'beside its mother. 
The poor man is ' beside himself 



11 



122 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The widow possesses much property * besides this farm. 
There were other persons 'in the scrape 'besides these boys. 
No individual was seen there 'besides this man. 
The drover owes the bank much money * besides this sum. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH AMONG, AMONGST, <^c 

Among all his foes Across the heavens 

Among a thousand Across the street 

Amongst the savages Across the road 

Amongst lofty trees Athwart our course 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Among all his foes' this man was the most inveterate. 
This man is one 'among a thousand. 
This artist spent many years 'amongst the savages. 
Slim saplings grow 'amongst lofty trees. 

Across the street' you may find a magistrate. 
A meteor shot 'across the heavens. 
A high fence was made ' across the road. 
A piratical vessel came ' athwart our course. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BEYOND OR PAST, 

Beyond the mark Past our house 

Beyond my reach Past the old church 

Beyond human power Past all hope 

Beyond a doubt Past twelve ' o'clock 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Your estimate is ' beyond the mark. 
This station is evidently 'beyond my reach. 
This work is certainly 'beyond human power. 
These facts have been established 'beyond a doubt. 

The menagerie went 'past our house. 
You will find his residence * past the old church. 
The patient is ' past all hope ' of recovery. 
It is now ^past twelve 'o'clock. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 123 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BETWEEN OR BETWIXT. 

Between his eyes Betwixt his eyes 

Between those hills Betwixt those hills 

Between the two men Betwixt the two men 

Between these two periods Betwixt the two periods 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

His nose is placed ' between his eyes. 

Much good land lies ' between those hills. 

A quarrel took place ' between the two men. 

Few important events occurred ' between these two periods. 

His nose is placed ' betwixt his eyes. 

Much good land lies 'betwixt those hills. 

A quarrel took place * betwixt the two men. 

Few important events occurred * betwixt the two periods. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH UP OR DOWN. 

Up town Down town 

Up the stream Down the stream 

Up the country Down the country 

Up a tree Down the prairie 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

The procession went ' up to'wn. 
The steam-boat is forced ' up the stream. 
The turnpike road extends ' up the country. 
The opossum has gone ' up a tree. 
The procession will go ' down town. 
The raft will float 'down the stream. 
The army has gone 'down the country. 
The buffaloes have fled down 'the prairie. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH FOR. 

For the bronchitis For every man 

For many months For joy 

For a future period For an education 

For a malefactor For many stockholders 



124 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The medicine is good ^ for the bronchitis. 

The whole nation was agitated ' for many months. 

The measure was reserved ' for a future period. 

He was condemned ' for a malefactor. 

He tasted death 'for every man. 

The whole audience wept ' for joy. 

The youth went ' to college * for an education. 

The president was proxy ' for many stockholders. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OFF, SINCE, TILL, OR UNTIL. 

Off their guard Since last year 

Off my horse Till evening 

Off this lake Until the fourth century 

Off the premises Until daylight 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The Indians were caught ^ off their guard. 

I have not been ' off my horse ' for several hours. 

This family resides somewhere ' off this lake. 

The landlord warned his tenant ' off the premises. 

That clergyman has not been here 'since last year. 

He shall be unclean ' till evening. 

This opinion prevailed * until the fourth century. 

We cannot learn our exact position ' until daylight. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OUT OF, INSTEAD OF, OR BUT. 

Out of cast steel Instead of friends 

Out of the woods Instead of his son 

Out of pure love Instead of specie 

Out of the common fund But one regiment 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

These knives are made * out of cast-steel. 
This young man has lately come * out of the woods. 
Good parents chastise their children * out of pure love. 
The demand will be paid ' out of the common fund. 



HAZEIN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 125 

Instead of friends' he has found enemies. . 
The father went *into the army * instead of his son. 
The government pays bank paper ' instead of specie. 
The soldiers have all gone *but one regiment 



THE ADVERB.— Resumed. 
Many of the words which have been applied as prep- 
ositions in the preceding phrases, are also adverbs, when 
used without a subsequent word to be governed. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

This measure has been frequently spoken of. 
These benevolent precepts came from above. 
The water issues from 'beneath a rock. 
The narrator went on 'without interruption. 
The company travelled on pleasantly. 
The fugitive had on an old blue coat. 
The clergyman was called upon early ' in the morning. 
The property has been handed over ' to the sheriff. 
The author read over the proof-sheets ' with care. 
The poor man's troubles are now over. 
The hunters will not soon give over the cbase. 
Why have you not called ' on us' before. 
The two lads are walking behind. 
The case has been tried ' in a court' below. 
I fell in ' with a man 'on the road ' to Baltimore. 
The captain has taken in a large cargo. 
The joke was most heartily laughed at. 
I will attend * to these matters' by and by. 
There was no other person by ' at this time. 
Good woman, is the blacksmith within ? 
I have not yet read the work through. 
The coat was woven * from the top' throughout. 
_ _ 



126 ' HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



I have often been spoken to 'on the subject. 
This way is everywhere spoken against. 
The sand was scattered about ' by the wind. 
The stranger will look round ' for a short time. 
The spy went round 'about the camp. 
The carriage will be sent up to-morrow. 
For this purpose' have I raised thee up. 
That steam-boat went down yesterday. 
The mob was put down 'by the military. 
Sir, will you take off your boots ? 
You must not cut off the tops ' of the plants. 
The idle boy has gone oflf 'to his play. 
The sheet comes off very clean. 
The gun went off unexpectedly. 



PARTICIPIAL PHRASES. 

The participial phrases are formed from the pre- 
dications by dropping the nominative case, and 
changing the verb to a participle. 

All the phrases, except the prepositional, are sub-predications, 
since they are all formed from the predications. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Participles belong to nouns. 

Transitive participles govern the objective case. 

The participles of those verbs which admit the 

same case before and after them, retain the latter. 

CLASSIFICATION OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES. 

Participial phrases are divided into intransitive, in- 
transitive post-adjective, intransitive post-substantive, 
transitive, and passive. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



127 



INTRANSITIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 



Grazing 
Walking 
Advancing 
Retreating 



The essential element of an intransitive participial 
phrase is an intransitive participle. 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 

Sleeping soundly 
Blossoming beautifully 
Ruling prudently 
Blustering pompously 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The lads found the horses 'grazing. 

T have often seen the gentleman 'walking. 

The militia ' advancing' met the Indians ' retreating. 

Here is a workman 'sleeping soundly. 

There is a plant 'blossoming beautifully. 

A king 'ruling prudently' may be popular. 

The landlord 'blustering pompously' entered the room. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The lads found the horses ' grazing. 

The lads found the horses — Transitive predication. 

Grazing — Intransitive participial phrase. 

Grazing is a present participle, from the verb graze^ and 
belongs to horses. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Here is a workman ^sleeping soundly. 

Here is a workman — Intransitive predication. 

Sleeping — Intransitive participial phrase. 

Sleeping is a present participle, from the verb sleep, and 
belongs to iwrkman. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Soundly is an adverb, and qualifies sleeping. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify participles. 



128 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Having been there Having spoken too long 

Having dined Having rested well 

Having been Having retreated 

Having walked too far Having voted 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having been there' he knew the condition * of things. 
Having dined' the gentleman pursued his journey. 
The lady ' having been ' to church' is very serious. 
The invalid 'having walked too far' retired early. 
Having spoken too long' the orator was much fatigued. 
The patient ' having rested well' felt much better. 
The Indians * having retreated' to a wood' awaited our approach. 
The people 'having voted' returned* to their homes. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post- 
adjective participial phrase, are an intransitive 
participle and an adjective. 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 

Being hungry Being conceited 

Being very poor Being beautiful 

Being angry Being obnoxious 

Being industrious Being idle 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The traveller ' being hungry' called * at an inn * for dinner. 
Being very poor' he lived * by daily labor. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The traveller ' being hungry'* called ' at an inn ^for 
dinner. 

The traveller called — Intransitive predication. 



I 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 129 



The stranger 'being angry' acted improperly. 

Being industrious' he will soon acquire a competency. 

The young man ' being conceited' overrated his own powers. 

Being beautiful' the lady will be presumptuous. 

Being obnoxious' to the government' he left the country. 

The pupil ' being idle' cannot improve. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Having been sick Having been improvident 

Having been idle Having been cowardly 

Having been benevolent Having been zealous 

Having been frugal Having been faithful 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The contractor 'having been sick *for some time' did not 
fulfil his engagements. 

The young man 'having been idle ' in college' left it 'with 
a poor education. 

Having been benevolent' in prosperity' the gentleman was 
pitied 'in adversity. 

Having been frugal' he left his family ' in comfortable cir- 
cumstances. 

The parents ' having been improvident' left their children 
destitute. 



Being hungry — Intransitive post- adjective participial 
phrase. 

At an inn — Prepositional phrase. 

For dinner — Prepositional phrase. 

Being is a present participle, from the verb to he; 
and belongs to traveller. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Hungry is an adjective, and belongs to traveller. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 



130 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The officer ' having been cowardly ' in battle ' was cash- 
iered. 

The preacher 'having been zealous' left his station *in a 
prosperous condition. 

The teacher ' having been faithful ' to his pupils ' was un- 
popular ' with the parents. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-substan- 
tive particfpial phrase, are an intransitive participle 
and a nominative case after it. 



PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 



Being a correct writer Being a vicious animal 

Being a good mechanic Being an eloquent speaker 

Being a skilful physician Being a thrifty manager 

Being a sensible woman Being a skilful navigator 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Being a correct writer ' he did not fear criticism. 
Being a good mechanic ' he will acquire a competency. 
Being a skilful physician ' he understood the disease. 
She * being a sensible woman ' was much respected. 
The horse * being a vicious animal ' threw his rider. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

Being a correct writer ' he did not fear criticism. 

Being a correct writer — Intransitive post-substantive par- 
ticipial phrase. 

He did not fear criticism — Transitive predication. 

Being is a present participle, and belongs to he. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Writer is a common noun, masculine gender, singular 
number, third person, and nominative case after being. 



hazen's practical grammar. 131 



This clergyman * being an eloquent speaker ' always com- 
manded a large audience. 

This farmer ' being a thrifty manager ' will fill his house 
* with the necessaries ' of life. 

The captain ' being a skilful navigator ' knew the exact posi- 
tion ' of his vessel. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Having been a good Christian Having been a public officer 
Having been a congressman Having been an invalid 
Having been governor Having been a politician 

Having been a successful mis- Having been an obscure individ- 
sionary ual 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having been a good Christian ' he did not fear death. 

Having been a congressman ' he understands parliamentary- 
usage. 

Having been governor * during a more stormy period ' he 
does not now fear the threats ' of this rebellious faction. 

This clergyman ' having been a successful missionary ' was 
received * with great eclat. • 

Having been a public officer * for many years ^ he will be 
unfit * for ordinary business. 

Having been an invalid ' she cannot expect a speedy re- 
covery. 

Having been a politician * from his youth ' he is well 
versed ' in party chicanery. 

Having been an obscure individual ' he had not expected 
such promotion. 



Rule. The participles of those verbs which admit the 
same case before and after them, retain the latter. 



132 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



TRANSITIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 



The essential elements of the transitive participial 
phrase, are a transitive participle, and an objective case 
governed by the participle. 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 

Approaching the wharf Seeing a hawk 

Purloining bacon Viewing a ship 

Reproaching his friends Avoiding evil associates 

Prosecuting his studies While delivering a speech 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The little girl saw a steam-boat * approaching the wharf. 
The planter caught a servant * purloining bacon. 
I have heard the youth 'reproaching his friends. 
The gentleman found his son * prosecuting his studies. 
The hen ' seeing a hawk ' apprehends danger. 
Seeing a hawk ' the hen apprehends danger. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The little girl saw a steam-boat ' approachi7ig the wharf. 

The little girl saw a steamboat — Transitive predication. 

Approaching the wharf — Transitive participial 
phrase. 

Approaching is a present participle, and belongs 
to steam-boat. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Wharf is a common noun, neuter gender, singular 
number, third person, objective case, and governed by 
approaching. 

Rule. Transitive participles govern the objective 
case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 121 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

He set his face * toward the wilderness. 
Joseph had no evil eye ' toward his brethren. 
The family remained there ' towards fifteen years. 
The horses turned their heads ' towards home. 
The colts capered ' about the pasture. 
The guests sat ' about a warm stove. 
The workmen then went ' about their business. 
The tree will measure three feet ' about the trunk. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH ROUND, AROUND, ^c. 

Round the district Amid the clouds 

Round his adversary Amid the leaves 

Around a plentiful table Amidst the wheat 

Around the travellers Amidst his people 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The teacher boarded 'round the district. 

The lawyer got 'round his adversary. 

The family sat ' around a plentiful table. . 

The villagers gathered ' around the traveller. 

The eagle can soar ' amid the clouds. 

The apples hang thick ' amid the leaves. 

Tares grow ' amidst the wheat. 

That clergyman lives happily ' amidst his people. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BESIDE OR BESIDES. 

Beside his father Besides this farm 

Beside the fence Besides these boys 

Beside its mother Besides this man 

Beside himself Besides these sums 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The young Indian stood * beside his father. 
The drunken man was lying ^ beside the fence. 
The infant was laid ' in the grave ' beside its mother. 
The poor man is ' beside himself. 

n 



122 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The widow possesses much property * besides this farm. 
There were other persons Mn the scrape 'besides these boys. 
No individual was seen there * besides this man. 
The drover owes the bank much money * besides this sumr 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH AMONG, AMONGST, i^c 

Among all his foes Across the heavens 

Among a thousand Across the street 

Amongst the savages Across the road 

Amongst lofty trees Athwart our course 

Examples for Parsing and Imitatian, 

Among all his foes' this man was the most inveterate. 
This man is one * among a thousand. 
This artist spent many years 'amongst the savages. 
Slim saplings grow ' amongst lofty trees. 

Across the street' you may find a magistrate, 
A meteor shot 'across the heavens. 
A high fence was made ' across the road. 
A piratical vessel came 'athwart our course. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BEYOND OR PAST. 

Beyond the mark Past our house 

Beyond my reach Past the old church 

Beyond human power Past all hope 

Beyond a doubt Past twelve ' o'clock 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Your estimate is ' beyond the mark. 
This station is evidently 'beyond my reach. 
This work is certainly ' beyond human power. 
These facts have been established 'beyond a doubt. 

The menagerie went 'past our house. 
You will find his residence * past the old church. 
The patient is ' past all hope ' of recovery. 
It is now 'past twelve 'o'clock. 



hazen's practical grammar. 



123 



PHRASES BEGINNING WITH BETWEEN OR BETWIXT. 

Between his eyes Betwixt his eyes 

Between those hills Betwixt those hills 

Between the two men Betwixt the two men 

Between these two periods Betwixt the two periods 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation* 

His nose is placed * between his eyes. 

Much good land lies * between those hills- 

A quarrel took place * between the two men. 

Few important events occurred ' between these two periods. 

His nose is placed ^ betwixt his eyes. 

Much good land lies * betwixt those hills. 

A quarrel took place * betwixt the two men. 

Few important events occurred * betwixt the two periods. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH UP OR DOWN. 

Up town Down town 

Up the stream Down the stream 

Up the country Down the country 

Up a tree Down the prairie 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The procession went *up town. 
The steam-boat is forced * up the stream. 
The turnpike road extends * up the country. 
The opossum has gone ' up a tree. 
The procession will go * down town. 
The raft will float *down the stream. 
The army has gone *down the country. 
The buffaloes have fled down ' the prairie. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH FOR. 

For the bronchitis For every man 

For many months For joy 

For a future period For an education 

For a malefactor For many stockholders 



124 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The medicine is good * for the bronchitis. 

The whole nation was agitated ' for many months. 

The measure was reserved ' for a future period. 

He was condemned *for a malefactor. 

He tasted death 'for every man. 

The whole audience wept ' for joy. 

The youth went * to college ' for an education. 

The president was proxy ' for many stockholders. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OFF, SINCEy TILL, OR UNTIL. 

Off their guard Since last year 

Off my horse Till evening 

Off this lake Until the fourth century 

Off the premises Until daylight 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The Indians were caught * off their guard. 

I have not been ' off my horse ' for several hours. 

This family resides somewhere * off this lake. 

The landlord warned his tenant ' off the premises. 

That clergyman has not been here 'since last year. 

He shall be unclean * till evening. 

This opinion prevailed * until the fourth century. 

We cannot learn our exact position * until daylight. 

PHRASES BEGINNING WITH OUT OF, INSTEAD OF, OR BUT. 

Out of cast steel Instead of friends 

Out of the woods Instead of his son 

Out of pure love Instead of specie 

Out of the common fund But one regiment 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

These knives are made * out of cast-steel. 
This young man has lately come * out of the woods. 
Good parents chastise their children ' out of pure love. 
The demand will be paid * out of the common fund. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR, 125 

Instead of friends' he has found enemies. 
The father went ' into the army * instead of his son. 
The government pays bank paper * instead of specie. 
The soldiers have all gone *but one regiment 



THE ADVERB.— Resumed. 

Many of the words which have been applied as prep- 
ositions in the preceding phrases, are also adverbs, when 
used without a subsequent word to be governed. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This measure has been frequently spoken of. 

These benevolent precepts came from above. 

The water issues from * beneath a rock. 

The narrator went on * without interruption. 

The company travelled on pleasantly. 

The fugitive had on an old blue coat. 

The clergyman was called upon early * in the morning. 

The property has been handed over * to the sheriff. 

The author read over the proof-sheets ' with care. 

The poor man's troubles are now over. 

The hunters will not soon give over the chase. 

Why have you not called 'on us' before. 

The two lads are walking behind. 

The case has been tried *in a court' below. 

I fell in * with a man * on the road ' to Baltimore. 

The captain has taken in a large cargo. 

The joke was most heartily laughed at. 

I will attend ' to these matters' by and by. 

There was no other person by * at this time. 

Good woman, is the blacksmith within ? 

I have not yet read the work through. 

The coat was woven * from the top' throughout. 



126 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



I have often been spoken to *on the subject. 
This way is everywhere spoken against. 
The sand was scattered about * by the wind. 
The stranger will look round * for a short time. 
The spy went round * about the camp. 
The carriage will be sent up to-morrow. 
For this purpose' have I raised thee up. 
That steam-boat went down yesterday. 
The mob was put down *by the military. 
Sir, will you take off your boots ? 
You must not cut off the tops ' of the plants. 
The idle boy has gone off ' to his play. 
The sheet comes off very clean. 
The gun went off unexpectedly. 



PARTICIPIAL PHRASES. 

The participial phrases are formed from the pre- 
dications by dropping the nominative case, and 
changing the verb to a participle. 

All the phrases, except the prepositional, are sub-predications, 
since they are all formed from the predications, 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 
Participles belong to nouns. 
Transitive participles govern the objective case. 
The participles of those verbs which admit the 
same case before and after them, retain the latter. 

CLASSIFICATION OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES. 

Participial phrases are divided into intransitive, in- 
transitive post-adjective, intransitive post-substantive, 
transitive, and passive. 



HAZEM'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 127 

INTRANSITIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 

The essential element of an intransitive participial 
phrase is an intransitive participle. 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 

Grazing Sleeping soundly 

Walking Blossoming beautifully 

Advancing Ruling prudently 

Retreating Blustering pompously 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The lads found the horses 'grazing. 

I have often seen the gentleman 'walking. 

The militia 'advancing' met the Indians ' retreating. 

Here is a workman ' sleeping soundly. 

There is a plant 'blossoming beautifully. 

A king 'ruling prudently' may be popular. 

The landlord 'blustering pompously' entered the room. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The lads found the horses ' grazing. 

The lads found the horses — Transitive predication. 

Grazing — Intransitive participial phrase. 

Grazing is a present participle, from the verb graze^ and 
belongs to horses. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Here is a workman 'sleeping soundly. 

Here is a workman — Intransitive predication. 

Sleeping — Intransitive participial phrase. 

Sleeping is a present participle, from the verb sleep, and 
belongs to workman. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns^ 

Soundly is an adverb, and qualifies sleeping. 

Rule. Adverbs qualify participles. 



128 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Having been there Having spoken too long 

Having dined Having rested well 

Having been Having retreated 

Having walked too far Having voted 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having been there' he knew the condition * of things. 
Having dined' the gentleman pursued his journey. 
The lady * having been * to church' is very serious. 
The invalid * having walked too far' retired early. 
Having spoken too long' the orator was much fatigued. 
The patient 'having rested well' felt much better. 
The Indians * having retreated' to a wood ' awaited our approach. 
The people 'having voted' returned' to their homes. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post- 
adjective participial phrase, are an intransitive 
participle and an adjective. 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 

Being hungry Being conceited 

Being very poor Being beautiful 

Being angry Being obnoxious 

Being industrious Being idle 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The traveller * being hungry' called * at an inn * for dinner. 
Being very poor' he lived ' by daily labor. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The traveller ' being hungry^ called ^ at an inn ^for 
dinner. 

The traveller called — Intransitive predication. 



hazen's practical grammar. 129 



The stranger 'being angry' acted improperly. 

Being industrious' he will soon acquire a competency. 

The young man * being conceited' overrated his own powers. 

Being beautiful' the lady will be presumptuous. 

Being obnoxious' to the government' he left the country. 

The pupil * being idle' cannot improve. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Having been sick Having been improvident 

Having been idle Having been cowardly 

Having been benevolent Having been zealous 

Having been frugal Having been faithful 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The contractor * having been sick * for some time' did not 
fulfil his engagements. 

The young man * having been idle * in college' left it * with 
a poor education. 

Having been benevolent' in prosperity' the gentleman was 
pitied 'in adversity. 

Having been frugal' he left his family * in comfortable cir- 
cumstances. 

The parents * having been improvident' left their children 
destitute. 



Being hungry — Intransitive post-adjective participial 
phrase. 

At an inn — Prepositional phrase. 

For cZ27i7zer~^Prepositional phrase. 

Being is a present participle, from the verb to he; 
and belongs to traveller. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Hungry is an adjective, and belongs to traveller. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 



130 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The officer ' having been cowardly * in battle ' was cash- 
iered. 

The preacher * having been zealous' left his station *in a 
prosperous condition. 

The teacher * having been faithful ' to his pupils ' was un- 
popular * with the parents. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. 

The essential elementsof the intransitive post-substan- 
tive participial phrase, are an intransitive participle 
and a nominative case after it. 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 

Being a correct writer Being a vicious animal 

Being a good mechanic Being an eloquent speaker 

Being a skilful physician Being a thrifty manager 

Being a sensible woman Being a skilful navigator 

Examples for Pamiig and Imitation. 

Being a correct writer ' he did not fear criticism. 
Being a good mechanic ' he will acquire a competency. 
Being a skilful physician ' he understood the disease. 
She * being a sensible woman ' was much respected. 
The horse ' beino: a vicious animal ' threw his rider. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

Being a correct writer ' he did not fear criticism. 

Being a correct writer — Intransitive post-substantive par- 
ticipial phrase. 

He did not fear criticism — Transitive predication. 

Being is a present participle, and belongs to he. 

Rule. Participles belong to nouns. 

Writer is a common noun, masculine gender, singular 
number^ third person, and nominative case after being. 



hazen's practical grammar. 



131 



This clergyman ' being an eloquent speaker ' always com- 
manded a large audience. 

This farmer * being a thrifty manager ' will fill his house 
* with the necessaries * of life. 

The captain * being a skilful navigator ' knew the exact posi- 
tion * of his vessel. 

PRIOR PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 

Having been a good Christian Having been a public officer 

Having been a congressman Having been an invalid 

Having been governor Having been a politician 

Having been a successful mis- Having been an obscure individ- 
sionary ual 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having been a good Christian ' he did not fear death. 

Having been a congressman ' he understands parliamentary 
usage. 

Having been governor ' during a more stormy period ^ he 
does not now fear the threats * of this rebellious faction*. 

This clergyman * having been a successful missionary ' was 
received ' with great eclat. 

Having been a public officer * for many years ' he will be 
unfit * for ordinary business. 

Having been an invalid ' she cannot expect a speedy re- 
covery. 

Having been a politician *from his youth' he is well 
versed * in party chicanery. 

Having been an obscure individual ' he had not expected 
such promotion. 



Rule. The participles of those verbs which admit the 
same case before and after them, retain the latter. 



146 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PREPOSITIONAL GERUNDIVE PHRASES 

The prepositional gerundive phrases are formed 
from the predications by dropping the nominative 
case, changing the verb to a gerundive, and prefix- 
ing a preposition. 

CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONAL GERUNDIVE PHRASES. 

Prepositional gerundive phrases are divided into 
intransitive, intransitive post-adjective, intransitive 
post-substantive, transitive, and passive. 

INTRANSITIVE. 

With wandering At our staying away so long 

To dying suddenly Against complaining 

For not having come ^ to church ' lately 
For not having attended more diligently 
For having gone too far 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

My brother is delighted * with wandering * in the fields. 

This good man felt a strong repugnance ' to dying suddenly. 

Your mother will be alarmed ' at our staying away so long. 

The audience were cautioned * against complaining ' about 
the dispensations ' of Providence. 

Our minister will chide us ' for not having come * to church ' 
lately. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

My brother is delighted ' with wander^ing ' in the fields. 

With wandering — Intransitive prepositional gerundive 
phrase. 

Wandering is a present gerundive, singular num- 
ber, third person, objective case, and governed by with. 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 



HAZEIN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 147 



You will repent *for not having attended more diligently 
* to your studies. 

The students were admonished *for having gone too far 
*from the academy. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE. 

In being odd To being false 

For being impudent From being industrious 

Above being dishonorable To being idle 

At having become pious 

For having once been poor 

For having been studious 

For having been contumacious 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This individual took great delight *in being odd* 
Being rich is no reason ' for being impudent. 
Those merchants are 'above being dishonorable. 
Many men would prefer death * to being false. 
From being industrious ' he turned ' to being idle. 
My father rejoiced *at having become pious * in his youth. 
Rich men are seldom disregarded ' for having been poor. 
The graduates were commended ' for having been studious. 
This prelate was expelled 'from the church *for having 
been contumacious. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
This individual took great delight ' in being odd. 
In being odd- — Intransitive post-adjective prepositional 

gerundive phrase. 

Being is a present gerundive, singular number, third 

person, objective case, and governed by m. 

EuLE. Prepositions govern the objective case. 
Odd is an adjective, and belongs to being. 
Rule. Adjectives belong to gerundives. 



148 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE, 

From becoming a missionary At being made a judge 
With being a young man For being a coward 

With being a Christian Against being a companion 

In having been a coadjutor 
At his having been a decided Christian 
From having been a companion 
-^ At his son's having become the chum 

, Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The young man recoiled ' from becoming a missionary. 

William Pitt was reproached ' with being a young man. 

The pagans charged the stranger * with being a Christian. 

The farmer was pleased ' at being made a judge. 

The colonel was cashiered *for being a coward. 

I cautioned my young friend 'against being a companion 
* of wicked men. 

I shall be happy * in having been a coadjutor * of such 
honorable men. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The young man recoiled ^ from becoming a missionary . 

From hecoming a missionary — Intransitive post-substan- 
tive prepositional gerundive phrase. 

Becoming is a present gerundive, from the verb 
become^ singular number, third person, objective case, 
and governed hy from. 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 

Missionury is a common noun, masculine gender, 
singular number, third person, and nominative case 
after becoming. 

Rule. The gerundives of those verbs which admit the 
same case befo^ and after them, retain the latter. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 149 



The aged man rejoiced *at his having been a decided 
Christian 'from his youth. 

This person was suspected * of being vicious * from having 
been a companion * of vicious persons. 

The gentleman will * at length ' be pleased * at his son's 
having become the chum * of this clever rustic. 

TRANSITIVE. 

In spinning street-yam For watching his wagon 

In traducing their neighbors For planing boards 
With reviewing former scenes Towards building a church 
Of acquiring a complete edu- On educating the rising gen- 
cation eration 

For having fought their battles 
For having performed noble deeds 
For having managed his department 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

There is but little profit *in spinning street-yarn. 
Slanderous persons delight *in traducing their neighbors. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

There is but little profit ' in spinning street-yarn. 

In spinning street yarn — Transitive prepositional gerun- 
dive phrase. 

Spinning is a present gerundive, derived from the verb 
spin^ singular number, third person, objective case, 
and governed by in. 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 

Street-yarn is a common noun, neuter gender, sin- 
gular number, third person, objective case, and govern- 
ed by spinning. 

Rule. Transitive gerundives govern the objective 
case. 



13* 



150 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Aged persons are pleased ^with reviewing former scenes. 

Few persons are capable ^ of acquiring a complete education. 

A farmer gave a lad some peaches * for watching his wagon. 

This mechanic invented a machine 'for planing boards. 

The society has done something ' towards building a church. 

Much has been written ' on educating the rising generation. 

The American people venerate the patriots 'of the revolu- 
tion ' for having fought their battles. 

Men are honored 'for having performed noble deeds 'for 
the benefit ' of their species. 

The senator commended the secretary ' for having managed 
his department ' with distinguished ability. 

PASSIVE. 

Of being flattered Upon being introduced 

With being caressed Without being recognized 

Without being discovered By his being associated 
By being known Of being found 

Without having been delayed 

Without having been especially called 

By his having been known 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Vain persons are fond ' of being flattered. 
Some animxals are pleased * with being caressed. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Vain persons are fond ^ of being flattered. 
Of heing flattered — Passive prepositional gerundive 
phrase. 

Being flattered is a present passive gerundive, derived 
from the verb flatter, singular number, third person, 
objective case, and governed by of 

Rule. Prepositions govern the objective case. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 151 



He gained access ' to the garden * without being discovered. 

By being known ' he will travel pleasantly. 

The young man *upon being introduced' will be cordially 
received. 

The emperor travelled ^ through the empire ' without be- 
ing recognised. 

An upright man may be suspected ' of dishonesty ' by 
his being associated * wiih dishonest men. 

This generous woman was not ashamed ' of being found 
' relieving human woe. 

We arrived ' at our place * of destination * without having 
been delayed ' by accident ' on the way. 

The people met ' without having been especially called. 

My father travelled very pleasantly * by his having been 
known * to many * of his fellow-passengers. 



INFINITIVE PHRASES. 

The infinitive phrases are formed from the predi- 
cations by dropping the nominatiye case,and chang- 
ing the finite mode to the infinitive. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Adjectives belong to verbs in the infinitive mode. 

Verbs in the infinitive mode are sometimes inde- 
pendent. 

Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 

The infinitives of those verbs which admit the 
same case before and after them, retain the latter. 

Note. — Verbs in the infinitive mode are sometimes used instead of the 
gerundive as nominative case to a verb. They are also used as objects 
of transitive verbs, participles, and gerundives. But no especial rules 
need be given to meet such cases. 



152 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



A verb in the infinitive mode is introduced — 

1. After verbs 7. After about 

2. After participles 8. After so — as commonly 

3. After gerundives v combined with an adjec- 

4. After adjectives tive. 

5. After nouns or pronouns 9. After than^ combined with 

6. After enough^ preceded by an adjective in the com- 

an adjective. parative degree. 

CLASSIFICATION OF INFINITIVE PHRASES. 

The infinitive phrases are divided into intransitive, in- 
transitive post-adjective, intransitive post-substantive, 
transitive, and passive. 

INTRANSITIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE, 

The essential element of the intransitive infinitive 
phrase is an intransitive verb in the infinitive mode. 
To run To ride To submit 

To confer To come To resort 

To escape To go To have come before 

To fly To call again To have lived up 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

These horses are ' to run ' in the race. 
The citizens have met * to confer * on political matters. 
The prisoner ' having tried in vain * to escape ' from prison ' 
finally yielded peaceably ' to his fate. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
These horses are ' to run ' in the race. 
To run — Intransitive infinitive phrase. 
To run is an irregular, intransitive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after are, and 
belongs to horses. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 153 



This simpleton broke his leg ' by a fall * in attempting 
*to fly * with artificial wings. 

It is sometimes pleasant ' to ride * on horseback. 

The young man urged his father ' to come * to the com- 
mencement. 

The farmer is about ' to go ' to market. 

Will you be so good as * to call again ? 

It is sometimes better ' to submit * to injustice than * to 
resort * to judicial proceedings. 

The gentleman ought * to have come before. 

To have lived up ' to the dignity ' of human nature ' during 
a long life ' will be a pleasant consideration * in old age. 



As there are some difficulties in parsing the verb in the infinitive 
mode, a few hints are given in addition to the preceding formula. 

To escape is a regular, intransitive verb, infinitive mode, present 
tense, neuter gender, singular number, third person, objective case, 
and is governed by having tried. Rule. Transitive participles 
govern the objective case. Having tried to escape taken altogether 
is, then, a transitive participial phrase, constituted by a union of 
two phrases. To escape is said to be in the neuter gender, singu- 
lar number, and third person, because it may be used to represent 
it. It IS said to be in the objective case, because it is the object of 
having tried, as a noun or gerundive might be. 

To fly is in the objective case, and is governed by attempting 
RjyCE. Transitive gerundives govern the objective case. 

To ride is introduced after us in the phrase /or us understood 
after pleasant, and belongs to us. You ivould be is understood 
after so good as. 

To go is in the objective case, and is governed by about. Rule. 
Prepositions govern the objective case. 

To submit is introduced after u.s in the phrase /or us understood 
after better, and belongs to us. To resort is introduced after us in 
the phrase /or us understood after than. 

To have lived is the nominative case to will be. Rule. The 
agent w^hicn introduces the verb into the sentence,must be in the 
nominative case. 



154 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



INTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-adjec- 
tive infinitive phrase, are an intransitive verb in the in- 
finitive mode, and an adjective. 

To be useful To be silent 

To be pathetic To be studious 

To be cheerful To remain ignorant 

To become rich To have been more diligent 

To be obedient To have been guilty 

To be successful To have been eloquent 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The young man determined * to be useful. 
The preacher is aiming ' to be pathetic. 
The physician found his patient trying * to be cheerful. 
This citizen * having purposed ' to become rich ' could not 
well bear disappointment. 

The teacher, at length, induced his pupil * to be obedient. 
This visionary man is always about * to be successful. 
Will you be so good as ' to be silent ' for a while. 
It is far better ' to be studious than * to remain ignorant. 
The young ladies ought * to have been more diligent. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The young man determined ^to he useful. 

To he useful — Intransitive post-adjective infinitive 
phrase. ■ 

To he is an irregular, intransitive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after determine, 
and belongs to man. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 

Useful is an adjective, and belongs to man. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 



\\ 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 155 



This pirate is said ' to have been guilty * of many atrocities. 
To have been eloquent * before so small an audience ' is a 
mark of extraordinary zeal. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the intransitive post-sub- 
stantive infinitive phrase, are an intransitive verb and 

a nominative case after it. 

To become a useful citizen To become my security 

To become a great nation To remain an ignoramus 

To be the foremost man To have been a monster 

To become a scholar To have ever been a friend 

To become a partner To have been a federalist 

To become a clergyman To have once been rich land 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The youth is determined * to become a useful citizen. 
This republic is destined ^ to become a great nation. 

EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The youth is determined 'to become a useful citizen. 

To become a useful citizen — Intransitive post-substantive 
infinitive phrase. 

To become is an irregular, intransitive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after is deter- 
mined, and belongs to youth. 

EuLE. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 

Citizen is a common noun, masculine gender, singu- 
lar number, third person, and nominative case after to 
become. 

Rule. The infinitives of those verbs which admit the 
same case before and after them, retain the latter. 



156 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

A passenger aiming ' to be the foremost man ' on the wharf 
fell * into the dock. 

Having determined * to become a scholar ' he went * to 
the university. 

This honest clerk was unwilling * to become a partner * in 
such a concern. 

The good woman urged her son ' to become a clergyman. 

The young man is about ' to become a clergyman. 

The gentleman was so kind as * to become my security 
*for one thousand dollars. 

It would be much better ' to be studious ' than * to remain 
an ignoramus. 

We know the animal ' to have been a monster ' by his 
bones. 

The president is declared * to have ever been a friend * to 
this measure. 

Being known ' to have been a federalist ' he failed ' in his 
application * for office. 

This farm is said ' to have once been rich land. 

TRANSITIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE. 

The essential elements of the transitive infinitive 
phrase, are a transitive verb in the infinitive mode, and 
an objective case governed by the verb. 

To worship G-od To permit its author 

To acquire knowledge To lack the means 

To arrest his horses To have written such a work 

To protect a gallant band To have preferred peace 

To please every body To have influenced the pres- 

To educate their children ident 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The congregation have met * to worship God' their creator. 
Children are sent ' to school * to acquire knowledge. 



HAZEiS'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 157 

The driver * hoping ' lo arrest his horses ' held on tena- 
ciously * to the reins. 

This prince perished ' in endeavoring * to protect a gallant 
band * of loyal friends. 

In trying * to please every body ' we please nobody. 

All parents should be anxious ' to educate their children. 

The publishers * of the book ' were so unfeeling as ' to 
permit its author ' to lack the means ' of living * during the 
time * of writing it. 

To have written such a work' will be a great honor. 

The nation ought ' to have preferred peace * to war. 

The secretary is presumed * to have influenced the president. 

PASSIVE INFINITIVE PHRASE. 

The essential element of the passive infinitive phrase, 
is a passive verb in the infinitive mode. 

To be presented To be sold 

To be heard distinctly To be finally condemned 

To be paid To have been fed early 

To be adorned To have been slain 

To be discounted To have been influenced 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The congregation have met ' to worship God ' their creator* 

To worship God — ^Transitive infinitive phrase. 

To worship is a regular, transitive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after met^ and 
belongs to congregation. 

Rule, Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 

God is a proper noun, masculine gender, singular 
number, third person, objective case, and governed by 
to worship. 

Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. 
__ _ 



158 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation, 

The stranger rose * to be presented * to the company. 

The clergyman * wishing * to be heard distinctly ' spoke too 
loud for his physical ability. 

A laborer * having called ^ on his employer ' to be paid 
' for past services ' was put off ' to another day. 

God is worthy * to be adored * by all rational intelligences. 

The merchant will offer the note ' to be discounted. 

That messuage is about * to be sold ' at public sale. 

It is better ' to be poor * during life ' than to be finally 
condemned 'for injustice. 

The horses ought * to have been fed early 'so as ' to have 
been ready * in time. 

The soldier was declared 'to have been slain *in the revo- 
lutionary war. 

The president is supposed ' to have been influenced * by 
the secretary. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The stranger rose ^to he presented ' to the company. 

To be presented — ^Passive infinitive phrase. 

To be presented is a regular, passive verb, infinitive 
mode, and present tense, is introduced after rose, and 
belongs to stranger. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 
To view the works ' of nature ' is pleasant. 

To view is a regular, transitive verb, infinitive mode, 
present tense, neuter gender, singular number, third per- 
son, and nominative case to is. 

Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 

Pleasant is an adjective, and belongs to to view. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to verbs in the infinitive mode. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



159 



RULES FOR THE OMISSION OF TO IN INFINITIVE PHRASES. 

To is omitted in the infinitive phrases after ma/ce, see^ 
hear^ feel, and let, as well as after the participles and 
gerundives derived from them. 

To be, in the intransitive post-adjective, intransitive 
post-substantive, and passive infinitive phrases is omit- 
ted after make, see, hear, feel, and have, as well as 
after the participles and gerundives derived from them. 

To is generally omitted in the infinitive phrases after 
hid, and sometimes after the participles and gerundives 
derived from it. 

To may sometimes be omitted in some of the infinitive phra- 
ses after helf^ as well as after the gerundives derived from it \ 
although it is always safe to insert it. 

The preceding rales are not applicable to the verbs to which 
they relate, in their passive form, except sometimes in the case 
oileU 

These rules need not be applied in parsing. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER make. 

Improve Execute the job 

Conscientious Perform the duties 

A parson To ask the teacher's pardon 

Perform their duties promptly To pay the note twice 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This indefatigable teacher is determined * to make his 
pupils ' improve. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
This indefatigable teacher is determined ^to make his 

pupils, improve. 
Improve — Intransitive infinitive phrase. 



160 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Conscientious parents are anxious ' to make their children 

* conscientious. 

This gentleman has been trying ' to make his son * a parson. 
The people should make their public agents * perform their 
duties promptly. 

The contractor * having made his workmen * execute the job 

* in the very best manner ' obtained * for it an extra price. 

This merchant avoids some expense * by making his son 

* perform the duties ' of a clerk. 

The boy was made ' to ask the teacher's pardon * for having 
behaved himself indecorously ' towards him. 

The poor man was made * to pay the note twice. 



Improve is a regular,intransitive verb, infinitive mode, 
present tense, is introduced after pupils^ and belongs 
to pupils. 

Rule. Verbs in the infinitive mode belong to nouns. 

Conscientious parents are anxious ' to make their chil- 
dren ' conscientious. 

Conscientious — Intransitive post- adjective infinitive 
phrase, to he being omitted after to make. 

Conscientious is an adjective, and belongs to children. 

Rule. Adjectives belong to nouns. 

This gentleman is trying 'to make his so7i ' a parson. 

A parson — Intransitive post-substantive infinitive phrase, 
to be being omitted after to make. 

Parson is a common noun, &c., and objective case 
after to be, understood. 

Rule. The infinitives of those verbs which admit the 
same case before and after them, retain the latter. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 161 



INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER see. 

Come Cruelly treated 

Vanish Converted 

Comfortable Run 

A thriving people Ruined 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The astonished Indians saw a ship * come * into the harbor. 

Students have ever seen difficulties ' vanish ' before close ap- 
plication. 

The youth determined * to see his parents * comfortable. 

We were pleased ' to see this community ' a thriving people. 

The bystanders were sorry ' to see the beast ' cruelly treated. 

The preacher ' seeing sinners ' converted ' from the error ' of 
their ways * by his ministry ' is exceedingly happy. 

Having repeatedly seen the horses * run together ' he knows 
their relative speed. 

We know the deleterious effects * of alcohol ' on man ' by 
having seen many persons ' ruined ' by it. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER hear 

Crow Read the letter 

Called a knave Preach 

Call the hogs Read prayers 

Pronounce the oration To reproach niggardly men 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Peter heard the cock * crow. 
I have heard this merchant 'called a knave. 
Did you hear the servant 'call the hogs? 
I heard him « pronounce the oration. 

Having heard him * read the letter ' I approved its contents. 
Your taste ' in speaking ' will be improved ' by hearing this 
clergyman * preach. 

I have frequently heard this gentleman ' read prayers. 
This miser has often been heard ' to reproach niggardly men. 

_ 



162 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER feeL 

Creep A burden 

Nibble bis bait Oppressive 

Severe So great a burden 

The lad felt a cold snake ' creep ' over his foot. 

Andrew felt a fish ' nibble his bait. 

I felt the remark * severe. 

The guardian felt the responsibility ' a burden. 

Feeling the weather * oppressive * in the city ' we must rusti- 
cate * for a while. 

I am sorry * for having felt this duty * so great a burden. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER let. 

Ride Have their own way 

Be consistent Leave home so early 

Be consistent politicians Go immediately 

Enjoy their own opinions To be cultivated 

Be sold Go too soon 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Father, let me ' ride *in the carriage. 

Let us always * be consistent ' in our conduct. 

Let us ' ever be consistent politicians. 

Candid men are willing * to let others ' enjoy their own 
opinions. 

The owner ^ of this plantation' is obliged *to let it *be sold 
* under a mortgage. 

The teacher * having let the pupils * have their own way*at 
first ' finds difficulty * in maintaining wholesome discipline. 

I have regretted ' letting my son * leave home so early. 

This benevolent planter has determined 'on letting his slaves 
' go ' to Liberia ' immediately. 

The plantation was let out ' to be cultivated. 

The rope was let * go too soon. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 163 

INFINITIVE PHRASES AFTER luiVe AND hid. 

Obedient children To study their lessons 

Come To learn their tasks 

Chase the fowls To bring a pail 

Examples ftr Parsing and Imitation. 

I would have you * obedient children. 

His mercy bids me * come. 

Edward, bid your dog ' chase the fowls « from the garden. 

The teacher * having bidden his pupils * to study their lessons ' 
took a tranquil nap ' in his easy chair. 

The lady in bidding her daughter * to learn her task ' was actuated 
' by the kindest feehngs. 

The servant was bidden * to bring a pail * of water. 

Dare and need are used both as principal and auxiliary 
verbs. When principal verbs, they are subject to all the 
accidents of other complete verbs. When auxiliary verbs, 
they are not varied by number or person. Durst is the 
indefinite past tense of dare when auxiliary. The appli- 
cation of these verbs may be easily learned by the follow- 
ing illustrations. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I dare say. This servant dare not be impudent. 

I dare become a soldier. The young lady dare not be electrified. 
1 durst not refuse. The laborers durst not be idle. 

These children durst not disobey their parents. 
The applicant * for the school ' durst not be examined. 
We should ever dare ^ to perform our duty. 
A fiery coxcomb dared me * to fight a duel. 
A pugnacious boy ' living * in a village ' dared a peaceable lad 
« living ' in the country ' to knock a chip * from his shoulder. 
He need not go. 
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166 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. 

He resides in Virginia. 

Residing in Virginia, he defends her institutions. 
His residing in Virginia has made him acquainted with southern 
institutions. 

By residing in Virginia he has become acquainted with her insti- 
tutions. 

He loves to reside in Virginia, 

The preceding synopsis has beer? given to show, at one view, the regularity and sim- 
plicity of the constructions of the language. By the aid of these examples, a gram- 
marian of the old school may learn the name and character of every association in one 
hour. Pupils can understand the.m without difficulty. 



PUNCTUATION. 

Punctuation is the art of dividing, subdividing, and 
marking a written composition by characters, which 
have been invented for the purpose* 

CHAHACTERS DENOTING THE LARGER I>IVI&I0NS 
AND SUB-DIVISIONS. 

The chapter The period 

The section The interrogation 

The paragraph The exclamation 

THE chapter; as, [ CHAF. IV. ]. 

The chapter is used to divide a book into distinct 
portions, according to the particular subjects treated. 
the section, [ ^ ]. 

The section is used to divide chapters or discourses 
into smaller portions. 

THE PARAGRAPH, [ IT ]• 

The paragraph is employed to apprize the reader of 
the commencement of a new subject. For this purpose 



Note. — No part of the explanations or rules pertaining to punctuation 
need be committed to memory by the pupil. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 167 



it is frequently used in the Old and New Testaments. 
The portions of a discourse, chapter, or section, denoted 
by an indentation of the line at the beginning, and by a 
break of the line at the end, are also called paragraphs. 

THE PERIOD, [ . ] . 

Every complete sentence, not interrogatory or ex- 
clamatory, is closed with a period. 

The period is used after all abbreviations j as, A. D. 
for Anno Domini 5 Fol. for folio. 

THE INTERROGATION, [ ? ]. 

Every independent sentence in which a question is 
proposed, unaccompanied with the expression of sur- 
prise, is closed with the interrogative sign. 

THE EXCLAMATION, [ ! ]. 

The exclamatory sign is used after interjections, and 
other detached words, expressing strong emotion. 

Two or three exclamations are sometimes used after 
sentences, expressing great wonder or admiration. 

PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS DENOTING DIVISIONS IN SENTENCES. 

The colon The comma 

The semicolon The dash 

THE DASH, [ — •]. 

The dash is used to denote an abrupt or unexpected 
turn of sentiment, as well as to indicate an emphatic 
pause. 

OTHER CHARACTERS APPLICABLE TO SENTENCES. 

The brackets The hyphen 

The parentheses The apostrophe 

The guillemets The index 

The caret The brace 



168 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



THE BRACKETS [ [ ] ]. 

The brackets, crotchets, or hooks, are used to include 
words, sentences, or paragraphs, to be explained in a 
note 5 or they are used to include words or sentences, 
intended to supply some deficiency, or to rectify some 
mistake. 

THE PARENTHESES, [ ( ) ]. 

The parentheses are used to inclose a word or clause, 
hastily thrown into a sentence for the purpose of expla- 
nation. The comma is now often used for the same 
purpose. The parentheses do not supersede the other 
points. 

THE GUILLEMETS^OR QUOTATION POINTS [ " " ]. 

The guillemets are used to distinguish passages, taken 
from an author or speaker in his own words. A quota- 
tion within a quotation is marked with single points, 
which, when used with the others, are placed within 
them. 

THE CARET. [ A ]• 

The caret is used to indicate the place, where one 
word or more, which had been omitted, and which have 
been interlined, should be taken into the sentence. 

THE HYPHEN [-]. 

The hyphen is used to indicate, that one syllable or 
more of a word is carried forward to the next line. It 
is also used to connect the parts of a compound word. 



Note. — The hyphen is used by some inconsiderate authors of spelling- 
books, and elementary reading-books, to divide words into syllables with 
the view to render them more easy to young pupils. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 169 

THE APOSTROPHE, [ ' ]-> 

The apostrophe is used to indicate the possessive 
case, or the omission of one letter or more in a word. 

THE INDEX, [ [nT* ]- 

The index is used to direct the attention to something 
remarkable, 

THE BHACE, I ]. 

The braee is used to connect words which have one 
eomiaaon relation. It is also used to connect three lines 
of poetry having the same rhyme. 

CHARACTERS USED AS REFERENCES. 

Tke asterisk The double obelisk 

The obelisk The parallel 

The asterisk [ * ], the obelisk [ t ]> ^^e double obe- 
lisk £ J ], and the parallel [ || ], refer to marginal notes. 
When these have been exhausted on a single page or 
chapter, the section, and the paragraph are used to sup- 
ply the deficiency. The small letters of the alphabet, 
and Arabic figures, are also used for the same purpose. 

CAPITAL LETTERS. 

The following words begin with capital letters; 
namely, 

1. The first word of every complete sentence. 

2. Proper names, and appellations of the Deity. 

3. Adjectives derived from the names of places. 

4. The pronoun I, and the interjection 0. 

5. The first word of every line in poetry. 

6. The first word of every sentence introduced as a 
quotation. 

— 



170 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

7. Common nouns, when used as proper nouns by a 
figure of speech called personification. 

8. Every noun, and every principal word in the title 
of a book. 

9. Titles, when used with proper names, 

THE COMMA. 

RULES APPLICABLE TO SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

The words first, second, formerly, lastly, in fact, and 
others of a similar kind, are separated from the rest of 
the sentence by the comma, when their importance 
seems to require a pause after them ; as, Lastly, strive 
to preserve a conscience void of offence. 

Words in apposition, together with those which may 
depend upon them, are separated from the rest of the 
sentence by the comma j As, Adam, the first man, com- 
mitted the original sin. 

Exceptions. — The reciprocal pronouns, and a single noun in apposition 
not accompanied by any other word depending upon it, are not separa- 
ted from the rest of the sentence j as, I shall transact this business my- 
self. I admire the character of the patriarch Joseph. 

Words in the independent case, together with those 
which may depend upon them, are separated from the 
rest of the sentence by the comma; as, Charles, you 
should retire. Our fathers, where are theyl The offi- 
cers having fallen, the soldiers gave way. 

Exception. — Words, when used in mere exclamation, are followed by 
the exclamatory sign j as, ! the intolerably hard times ! 



U 



Note. — The rules of punctuation relating to the comma which occur 
here, are applicable to the predications and phrases which have preceded, 
beginning with the adverb. Teachers are therefore requested to cause 
their pupils to review the examples for parsing and imitation from that 
part of speech, and apply to them the rules thus far laid down. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 171 

When a prepositional phrase precedes a predication, 
or is thrown into the midst of a predication, it, together 
with its appendage, if any, is separated from the rest of 
the sentence by the comma ; as, In all these circumstan- 
ces, he was found equal to every emergency. You might, 
without injustice, compel him to come up to his contract. 

Exception. When the phrase preceding the predication is short, the 
comma is not necessary ; as, Unto thee will I direct my prayer. 
Prepositional gerundive phrases are subject to the same rule and 
to the same exception. 

When a participial phrase precedes a predication, it, 
together with its appendage, if any, is separated from the 
rest of the sentence by the comma ; as. Having acquired 
a competent fortune, he retired from the busy world. 
United, we stand ; divided, w^e fall. 

When a participial phrase follows a noun to which the 
participle belongs, a comma may, or may not, be employ- 
ed at the beginning of it, according as it may be intimate- 
ly or loosely associated with the predication to w^hich it 
is appended. When the phrase occurs before the verb, a 
comma is generally necessary before the latter; as, A 
crime, mitigated by such circumstances, should be visited 
with a moderate punishment. The young man having 
been idle in college, left it with a superficial education. 
We met the inhabitants fleeing before the savage foe. 

When an infinitive phrase is separated by a prepositional 
phrase, or a prepositional gerundive phrase, from the 
predication to which it is appended, it, together with its 
appendage, if any, is separated from the rest of the sen- 
tence by the comma. 



172 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

SENTENCES. 

A sentence is two or more words, which express an affinnation, 
an interrogation, a command, an exhortation, a petition, or an inti- 
mation. 

Sentences are divided Into simple and compound. 

A simple sentence is a predication, or a predication and one 
phrase or more. 

A compound sentence comprises two or more simple sentences. 



THE CONJUNCTION. 

Conjunctions connect predications, phrases, and predica- 
tions and phrases, as well as words, which bear the same 
relation to other words, or association of words. 

CLASSIFICATION OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

Conjunctions are divided into nine classes ; namely : 

1. Additive. 4. Adversative. 7. Adverbial. 

2. Alternative. 5. Causative. 8. Comparative adverbial. 

3. Correspondive. 6. Inferential. 9. Conditional. 

RULES OF SYNTAX. 

And^or, nor, and ds well as, connect similar parts of speech. 

And, or, nor, and as well as, connect similar phrases. 

And, or, nor, and as well as, connect adverbs and prepositional 
phrases. 

And, or, nor, and as well as, connect prepositional and preposi- 
tional gerundive phrases. 

That and the adverbial conjunctions, as well as the comparative 
adverbial conjunctions, connect the predications and the phrases 
formed by the help of the verb, participle, and gerundive. 

All the conjunctions, except the correspondive, and aho, likewise, 
and too, connect the predications. 

When two or more nouns m the singular number are connected 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 173 

by and, they require the verb to which they are nominative, to be 
in the plural number. 

When two or more nouns, in the singular number, are connected 
by andf they require the noun which refers to the same things, and 
the pronoun which stands for them, to be in the plural number. 

Exception 1. When two or more nouns, in the singular number, connected by 
and, have reference to the same thing, they require the verbs, nouns, and pronouns, 
which refer to them, to be in the singular number. 

Exception 2. When two or more nouns, in the singular number, connected by 
and, are preceded by each, every, or no, they require the verbs, nouns, and pronouns, 
which refer to them in the same sentence, to be in the singular number. But they 
commonly admit a pronoun in the plural number, to represent them in the following 
•entence. 

Exception 3. When one noun, connected to another by and, is negatively dis- 
tinguished, it belongs to a different predication, a part of which is understood. It 
does not, therefore, affect the predication to which it is connected. 

Exception 4. When one noun, connected to another by and, is emphatically dis- 
tinguished by also, likewise, or too, it belongs to a different predication, a part of which 
is understood. It does not, therefore, affect the words in the predication to which it 
ii connected. 

With and together with are often equivalent to and in connecting nouns ; but a noun 
so connected to another, does not affect the verb, unless it is an essential part of the 
agent, as in the following example : The king, with the lords and commons, consti- 
tute the supreme government in England. 

When one noun is connected to another by as well as, it belongs to a different predi- 
cation, a part of which is understood. It does not, therefore, affect the predication to 
which it is connected. 

When two or more nouns, in the singular number, are connected 
by or or noTt they require the verb to which they are nominative, 
to be in the singular niimber. 

When two or more nouns, in the singular number, are connected 
by or or nor^ they require the noun which refers to the same thing, 
and the pronoun which stands for them individually, to be in the 
singular number. 

When the nominatives, connected by or or nor, are of different 
numbers, and of the third person, the pliual nominative should be 
placed next to the verb, which should agree with it in the plural 
number. 

When two or more pronouns, or nouns and pronouns, are con- 
nected by and, they require the verb to which they are nominative, 
to be in the plural number; but, when they are of different persons, 



174 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

the verb must agree in person with the first person in preference to 
the second, and with the second in preference to the third. 

When two or more pronouns, or nouns and pronouns, are con- 
nected by and, the pronoun which stands for them should be in the 
plural number, to agree with them ; but, w^hen they are of diiFerent 
persons, the pronoun should agree in person with the first person in 
preference to the second, and with the second in preference to the 
third. 

When two or more nominatives of different persons are connected 
by or or nor, the verb must agree with that placed next to it. 

When the nominatives require different forms of the verb, it is often more elegant 
to express the verb or its auxihary in connexion with each of them. 

In arranging nouns connected by and, or, or nor, they should be placed in the order 
in which they are to be regarded or honored, the most worthy being placed first. In 
arranging nouns and pronouns of different persons, the second person should commonly 
be placed before the third, and the first should be placed last, except sometimes in 
confessing a fault. 

When a collective noun is so combined with other words, that the 
objects composing the collection are referred to individually, the verb 
to which it is nominative should be in the plural number. 

When a collective noun is so combined with other words, that the 
objects composing the collection are referred to individually, the pro- 
noun which stands for it should be in the plural number. 

When a collective noun, in the singular number, is so combined 
with other words, that the objects composing the collection are re- 
ferred to collectively, the verb to which it is nominative should be 
in the singular number, 

When a collective noun, in the singular number, is so combined 
with other words, that the objects composing the collection are re- 
ferred to collectively, the pronoun which stands for it should be in 
the singular number. 

Adverbial conjunctions connect predications, and qualify the 
verbs in the predications so connected. 

Adverbial conjunctions connect phrases and predications, and 
qualify the verbs, participles, or gerundives in the phrases, and the 
verbs in the predications. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 175 



1. ADDITIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 



And 


Too 


Furthernaore 


As well as 


That 


. Besides 


Also 


Farther 


Nay 


Likewise 


Further 


Moreover 



These conjunctions imply an addition to what may 
have preceded. 

2. ALTERNATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 
Or Nor Else Otherwise 
These conjunctions express an alternative of what 
precedes, and of what follows. 

3. CORRESPONDIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 
Both Whether Not only As 

Either Neither Though So 

These conjunctions are so placed in sentences, that 
they require another conjunction to be placed in another 
part of them. 

THE CORRESPONDIVE CONJUNCTIONS TOGETHER WITH THE 
CONJUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. 

Both And As As 

Either ) ^ As So 

Or 



Whether j So As 

Neither Nor So That 

Not only But If Then 

Though Yet 

GENERAL RULE FOR PUNCTU A.TION. 

The part of speech or phrase which has an equal 
bearing upon two or more words connected by and^ or, 



176 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



or nor^ is preceded by a comma, when the comma is in- 
serted between the words so connectedv 

Exception. — A noun, preceded by two or more adjectiTes Belongings 
to it, should not be preceded by a commas 

NOUNS CONNECTED BY and^ or, nor, or a& well a*. 

RULES FOR PUNCTUATION.^ 

When three or more nouns are connected by and, or, 
or norj a comma is inserted between them. 

When two words, connected by ory huve reference to 
the same thing, the latter i& a m«re alternative in word, 
not in idea. It is, therefore, separated from the rest of 
the sentence by the comma. 

When one noun is connected to another by as mell oa, 
it, together with its appendage, if any,, is separated from 
the rest oi the sentence by the eamma.. 

When one noun is connected to another by with or 
together with, it is separated from the rest of the sen- 
tence by the comma. 

When nouns follow each other in pairs^ a eamma is 
inserted between the pairs. 

When the conjunction and is suppressed between two 
nouns, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one noun, connected to another nouru by and, 
is negatively ox emphatically distinguished, it, together 
with its appendage, if any, is separated from the rest 
of the sentence by the comma. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation^ 

John and Henry have gone to schooL 
John or Henry has gone to school. 
Frances and Elizabeth are diligent in study. 
Frances or Elizabeth should become a teacher^ 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



177 



Frances, as well as Elizabeth, should become a teacher. 

A few neighbors and several strangers have assembled to hear 
preaching. 

The learned parson and the pious deacon are harmonious in their 
religious opinions. 

My son or my grandson is to go to the city to-day. 

My father or my brother is about to mortgage his farm. 

My father, as well as my brother, is about to mortgage his 
farm. 

Some apples or some peaches should be sent to our city 
cousins. 

The settler, apprehending a famine or some other disaster, 
left the country in great haste. 

My son and my daughter, having been carefully educated, 
may be left with confidence to their personal resources. 

No man or woman of spirit will submit to such indignities. 

Wheat, coal, and iron, are staple commodities of Pennsylvania. 

The world has often been scourged by war, pestilence, and 
famine. 

The world may be soon scourged by war, pestilence, or famine. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
John and Henry have gone to school. 

And is an additive conjunction, and connects John 
and Henry, 

Rule. And^ or, nor^ and as well as^ connect similar 
parts of speech. 

Have gone is an irregular, intransitive verb, indicative 
mode, present perfect tense, plural number, third person, 
and agrees with John and Henry, 

Rule. When two or more nouns in the singular 
number are connected by and^ they require the verb to 
which they are nominative, to be in the plural number. 



J! 



178 HAZEN'S PR\CTICA.L GRAMMAR. 

My brother has just purchased one horse, two cows, twelve 
hogs, and twenty sheep of this man and his son. 

This neighbor, having determined to remove to Indiana or 
Illinois, is about to sell houses, lands, goods, and chattels at 
public sale. 

There is a natural diflference between merit and demerit/vir- 
tue and vice, wisdom and folly. 

Learning and ignorance, wisdom and foJly, are strangely com- 
bined in this celebrated man. 

Honor, virtue, every consideration, demand our submission to 
just authority. 

In prohibiting profane language, as well as obscene expres- 
sions, the professors have a special regard to the morals and the 
dignity of the students. 

This philosopher and poet was banished from his country. 

Your friend and patron has been very generous. 

"Why is dust and ashes proud? 

Each man and each woman carries in the hand an evergreen 
branch. 

Every man and woman in the town is a zealous advocate for 
temperance. 



John or Henry has gone to school. 

Or is an alternative conjunction, and connects Joh7i 
and Henry, 

EuLE. Jlnd^ or^ nor^ and as well as, connect similar 
parts of speech. 

Has gone is an irregular, intransitive verb, indicative 
mode, present perfect tense, singular number, third per- 
son, and agrees with John or Henry. 

Rule. When two or more nouns in the singular num- 
ber are connected by or or nor, they require the verb to 
which they are nominative, to be in the singular number. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 179 

Every limb and every feature has been portrayed with surpri- 
sing accuracy. 

Every man, woman, and child, in the settlement, was slain by 
the savage foe. 

John, and not Henry, has gone to school. 

Benevolence, and not ostentation, has prompted these charities. 

"Love, and love only, is the loan for love." 

" Ay, and no too, was no good divinity." 

My son, and also my daughter, has gone to France. They 
went together in the last packet. 

My son, and likewise my daughter, has gone to France. 

The house, with its furniture, was consumed. 

The farmer's horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep, together with 
his household goods, were sold by the sheriff. 

The captain, having disposed of the ship, together with the 
cargo, returned to his own country in another vessel. 

The king,, with the lords and commons, constitute the supreme 
government in England. 



In the sentence, A few neighbors and several strangers have 
assembled to hear preachings and connects a few neighbors and 
several strangers ; and the verb have assembled is in the plural 
number, third person, and agrees with neighbors and strangers. 
Rule. The verb must agree with its nominative case in num- 
ber and person. 

In the sentence, Frances^ as well as Elizabeth^ should become 
a teacher^ Elizabeth is nominative case to should become un- 
derstood. 

In the sentence, This philosopher and poet was banished 
from his country^ was is in the singular number, and third per- 
son, and agrees with philosopher and poet. Rule. When two 
or more nouns in the singular number, connected by and, have 
reference to the same things they require the verbs, nouns, and 
pronouns, which refer to them, to be in the singular number. 



180 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



N0X7NS CONNECTED BY aud^ OT, OR nor, ACCOMPANIED 
BY A CORRESPONDIVE CONJUNCTION. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

My son and my daughter have both gone to France. 

Both my son and my daughter have gone to France. 

Either my son or my daughter will go to France. 

Neither my son nor my daughter will go to France. 

Both Peter and Paul were eminent apostles. 

Saints Peter and Paul were both eminent apostles. 

This doctrine cannot be supported by the writings of either 
Saint Peter or Saint Paul. 

This doctrine can be supported by the writings of neither St. 
Peter nor St. Paul. 

Some physicians love both the study and the practice of 
medicine. 

Some physicians love neither the study nor the practice of 
medicine. 

Both the culprit and the witness were confined in prison to 
the day of trial. 

Neither the culprit nor the witness was confined in prison 
to the day of trial. 

This was not the opinion of either the judge or the jury. 

This was the opinion of neither the judge nor the jury. 

Knowing both the author ahd the publisher of the book, I 
may be prejudiced in its favor through personal friendship. 

Knowing neither the author nor the publisher of the book, I 
cannot be prejudiced in its favor through personal friendship. 

This temperate youth could be persuaded to drink neither 
wine nor ale. 



Note. — In parsing also, likewise^ and too, as well as the correspondive i 
conjunctions, it is only necessary to name the class to which the word be- | 
longs, and the conjunction with which it is used. | 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 181 

NOtJNS CONNECTED BY and, or, nor, or as well as, 

ACCOMPANIED BY SOME PHRASE. 
RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two or more nouns, connected by and^ or^ or 
nor, are followed each by a phrase, or by an adjective 
accompanied by a phrase, a comma is inserted between 
them. 

When two nouns are connected by and^ or^ or noVy 
and one of them has a phrase depending upon it, which 
does not bear equally on the other, a comma is inserted 
between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

A merchant from Virginia, and a lawyer from Massachusetts, 
falling in company, began a conversation on politics. 

A yoke of oxen, or a pair of horses, is indispensable in cultiva- 
ting even a small farm. 

A gentleman on horseback, and a lady and several children 
in a carriage, have just rode up to the hotel. 

You must procure for dinner either a round of beef, or a leg 
of mutton. 

I could procure for dinner neither a round of beef, nor a leg 
of mutton. 

Caution in buying goods, and promptitude in paying for them, 
are commendable traits in a country merchant. 

A politician without popularity, a lawyer without clients, a 
physician without patients, and an author without patronage, 
are each in a deplorable condition. 

God created the beasts of the field, the fowls of the air, and 
the fishes of the sea, as well as every creeping thing. 

Take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the spirit. 

Apply thy heart unto instruction, and thine ears to the words 
of knowledge. 

_ _ 



182 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



God made the sun to shine by day, and the moon to give 
light by night. 

This good man has a mind conscious of rectitude, as well as 
a heart lull of compassion. 

The governor, and several members of the legislature, are 
said to be in secret conclave in the council chamber. 

We saw, at the party, some beautiful ladies, and many gen- 
tlemen of fine appearance. 

In our excursion, we shall need fishing tackle, and a bag to 
hold the fish. 

NOUNS, OR NOUNS AND PRONOUNS, OF DIFFERENT NUMBERS, 
V CONNECTED BY OV OR nor. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Neither the captain nor the sailors were lost in this disastrous 
shipwreck. 

Were the passengers or driver injured by this accident ? 

Neither the driver nor the passengers have tasted food during 
the day. 

Neither the clergyman nor his people were spared in this 
merciless persecution. 

Were the clerks, or the merchant himself, guilty of cheating 
this simple countryman ? 

The governor, or the friends of the unfortunate man, have 
offered a generous reward for the apprehension of the villains. 

The general himself or two subordinate officers are to inspect 
the army in a few days. 

Neither the president nor his supporters can adduce sufficient 
reasons for so many removals from office. 

Neither their destination nor numbers were known. 

Neither was their destination, nor were their numbers, 
known. 

Neither was her wealth nor personal charms great. 

Neither was her wealth, nor were her personal charms, great. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 183 

PRONOUNS, AND NOITNS AND PRONOUNS, OF DIFFERENT PERSONS, 

CONNECTED BY and AND as well as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

You, and your brother, •and I, are nearly equal in our attain- 
ments. 

You and my uncle appear to agree in your political opinions. 

My father and I have just returned from our pleasant excur- 
sion into the country. 

My brother and I, assisted by our dog Rover, caught an old 
opossum and seven young ones. 

You and your sister, as well as several other pupils, have 
made great progress in your studies at the academy. 

I and my brother turned over the inkstand. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

You^ and your brother^ and /, are nearly equal 

in our attainments. 

Are is an irregular, intransitive verb, indicative mode, 
present tense, plural number, and agrees vi^ith you^ 
brother^ and f, in number, and with / in perso». 

Rule. When two or more pronouns, or nouns and 
pronouns, are connected by and^ they require the verb 
to which they are nominative, to be in the plural num- 
ber ; but, when they are of different persons, the verb 
must agree in person with the first person in preference 
to the second, and with the second in preference to the 
third. 

Our is a personal pronoun, and agrees with you^ broth- 
er, and /, in number, and with / in person. 

Rule. When two or more pronouns, or nouns and 
pronouns, are connected by and^ the pronoun which 
stands for them, should be in the plural number to agree 



184 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



I and the dog caught a gray squirrel in the cornfield. 

You and I, as well as my brother James, ought to finish our 
professional studies in one year. 

The governor, the secretary of state, and many subordinate 
officers of the government, reside in fhis city. 

N0M1NA.TIVES OF DIFFERENT PERSONS AND NUMBERS, 
CONNECTED BY OV OR UOT. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Either I or the clerk has committed a great blunder. 
Either I or my son is in fault in this matter. 
Either I am in fault in this matter, or my son is. 
Thou or he is the author of this mischief. 
Either thou or he is to be the representative from this county. 
John, Mary, or I, am to spend the winter in Baltimore. 
Neither he nor you were justly treated by these traders. 
Were they, or was I, expected to pay the reckoning ? 



with them ; but, when they are of different persons, 
the pronoun should agree in person with the first per- 
son in preference to the second, and with the second 
in preference to the third. 

Our is in the possessive case, and is governed by 
attainments. 

EuLE. One noun governs another noun or pronoun 
that depends upon it in the possessive case. 

Either I or the clerk has committed a great blunder. 

Has committed is a regular, transitive verb, indicative 
mode, present perfect tense, singular number, third per- 
son, and agrees with clerk. 

Rule. When two or more nominatives of different 
persons are connected by or or nor^ the verb must agree 
with that placed next to it. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 185 



Thou, Horace,or I, am soon to leave home to learn a trade. 

John, Harriet, or you, are to go to the academy in a few days. 

You, John, or Harriet, is to go to the academy in a few days. 

My cousin or I shall obtain the premium at our examination. 

My father or I shall go to Washington to obtain a patent for 
his new machine. 

They invited neither my sister nor me to the party. We 
were not anxious for an invitation. 

I saw you or your brother yesterday. You look much alike. 

COLLECTIVE NOUNS APPLIED IN SENTENCES. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Some people have no opinion of their own. 

The mob is composed of fellows of the baser sort. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Some people have no opinion of their own. 

Have is ari irregular, transitive verb, indicative mode, 
present tense, plural number, third person, and agrees 
with people. 

Rule. When a collective noun is so combined with 
other words, that the objects composing the collection, 
are referred to individually, the verb to which it is 
nominative, should be in the plural number. 

Their is a personal pronoun, plural number, third per- 
son, and agrees with people. 

Rule. When a collective noun is so combined with 
other words, that the objects composing the collection, 
are referred to individually, the pronoun which stands 
for it, should be in the plural number. 

Their is in the possessive case, and is governed by opinion 
understood. Rule. One noun governs another noun or pro- 
noun that depends upon it in the possessive case. 

— ~ — 



186 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The mob were alarmed at the assault of the soldiers. 

The crew of the vessel was a very good one. 

The crew were invited into the cabin to hear preaching. 

The multitude is very large, indeed. 

The multitude are in want of food. Send them away to 
their homes. 

In France, as well as in nearly every other country, the 
peasantry constitute the majority of the population. 

In France, the peasantry commonly go barefooted. 

Never was any nation so infatuated. 

Never was any nation so much divided into factions. 

Part of the ship's cargo was preserved by another vessel. 

A great number of strangers was present. 

The public have been warned against taking these notes. 

The committee were divided in their opinions on this subject. 

The cabinet cannot agree in their opinions. 

The noble army of martyrs prgdse thee, God. 

The church has no power to inflict corporal punishments. 

There is a flock of wild geese. 

The army has been defeated with great slaughter. 

All the world are spectators of your conduct. 

The regiment consists of a thousand men. 

ADJECTIVES CONNECTED BY and, Or, HOT, AND aS Well ttS, 
RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more adjectives are connected by and 
or^ or 7^or, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one adjective is connected to another hy as 
well as ^ the latter, with its appendages, if any, is separa- 
ted from the rest of the sentence by the comma. 

When adjectives follow each other in pairs, a comma 
is inserted between the pairs. 

When the conjunction and is suppressed between two 
adjectives, a comma is inserted between them. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 187 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Industrious and economical persons are likely to obtain a 
competency. 

A being, infinitely wise and good, will not unnecessarily 
afflict his creatures. 

A person, querulous, censorious, or quarrelsome, will ever be 
disagreeable and contemptible. 

This loafer is idle and miserably poor. 

Our parson is very learned and very pious. 

The lady was reserved and modest, as well as beautiful. 

David was a brave, wise, and virtuous prince. 

This clergyman is a good and a faithful preacher. 

We should venerate wise and good men. 

We may, with justice, shun idle or vicious persons. 

The butcher has some good and some indifferent beef. 

This farmer owns two good and three very poor farms. 

We will sing the first and second verses of the ninth psalm. 

The twelfth or thirteenth hymn will be appropriate. 

We arrived at our homes, wet, weary, and hungry. 

We must buy five or six apples for the children. 

Kind and generous men will be esteemed. 

Boys should endeavor to become good, as well as wise men. 

Having become old and infirm, he determined to reside with 
a son or a daughter. 

The servant, being ignorant, as well as unfaithful, was sent 
home to his master. 

The youth escaped many snares by avoiding dissipated and 
vicious company. 

The young Indian determined to become a pious, as well as a 
civilized man. 

Truth is fair and artless, simple'and sincere, uniform and con- 
sistent. 

I am a plain, blunt man. 



188 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

ADJECTIVES CONNECTED BY and, Or, OR UOV, /LCCOMPANIED 

BY ANOTHER CONJUNCTION. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When one adjective, connected to another by and, 
is negatively or emphatically distinguished, a comma 
is inserted between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The horse is both lame and blind. 

The horse is lame and blind both. 

The horse is lame, and also blind. 

The horse is lame, and likewise blind. 

The horse is lame, and blind too. 

The horse is either lame or blind. 

The horse is neither lame nor blind. 

He is both a friendly and a civil man. 

A man, either drunk or foolish, or both, has just gone down 
the road. 

A man, neither lame nor blind, old nor decrepit, sits begging 
by the wayside. 

A man, both lame and blind, old and decrepit, sits begging 
by the wayside. 

The pleurisy is a severe, and also a dangerous disease. 

The pleurisy is both a severe and a dangerous disease. 

The dealer is censured for being neither honest nor frugal. 

The drayman was respected for being both honest and tem- 
perate. 

The preacher, being sincere, and likewise earnest in his man- 
ner, succeeded in making an impression on the audience. 

The preacher, being neither sincere nor earnest in his man- 
ner, failed to make an impression on the audience. 

" Liberal, not lavish, is kind nature's hand." 

The laborer is fatigued, and not lazy. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 189 

ADJECTIVES CONNECTED BY and^ or, nor^ OR as well as, 

FOLLOWED BY SOME PHRASE. 

When two or more adjectives, are connected by and, 
or, nor, or as well as, and one or each of them has a 
phrase depending^ upon it, which does not bear equally 
upon the rest, such adjective with its phrase is separa- 
ted from the rest of th« sentence by the comma. 
Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Men are wicked by nature, and corrupt in practice. 

Your horse is beautiful in form and color, as well as fast and 
easy in his gaits. 

Our physician is skilful in his profession, as well as easy in 
his manners. 

The professor is indefatigable in teaching, and likewise strict 
in discipline. 

This officer was wise and prudent in council, as well as 
brave and skilful in action. 

This officer was neither wise and prudent in council, nor brave 
and skilful in action. 

A stranger, ugly in aspect, and uncouth in manner, was at 
the party lest evening. 

To censorious persons, strangers are always ugly or insignifi- 
cant in aspect, or uncouth or haughty in manner. 

This speculator was prudent in buying property, and lucky 
in selling it. 

My agent is diligent in collecting moneys, and prompt in pay- 
ing them over. 

Civilized persons are apt to be pleasant at home, and affable 
in company. 

The preacher, being deficient in literature, and dull in his 
manner of preaching, was not acceptable to the people. 

A preacher sometimes deserves censure for being deficient in 
literature, or dull in his manner of preaching. 



190 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

VERES CONNECTED BY and^ or^ nor, OR as well as. 

RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more verbs are connected by and^ or, 
or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When verbs follow each other in pairs, a comma is 
inserted between the pairs. 

When one verb is connected to another hy as well as, 
it is separated from the rest of the sentence by the 
comma. 

When one verb, connected to another hy and, is neg- 
atively or emphatically distinguished, a comma is in- 
serted between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

William can hop, skip, jump, and run. 
William can hop, skip, jump, or run. 
William can read, write, and cipher. 
William can both read and write. 
William can read and write both. 
William can read, and also write. 
William can read, and likewise write. 
William can either read or write. 
William can neither read nor write. 
William can read and write, as well as cipher. 
William could write, and cipher too. 
Jesse caught and saddled the pony. 
Jesse caught, and also saddled, the pony. 
Jesse caught, and likewise saddled, the pony. 
Will you read and spell your lessons. 
^ Will you read, as well as spell, your lessons. 
I can spell and read, write and cipher. 
Charles reads well, and also writes legibly. 
Charles reads well, and likewise writes legibly. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 191 



VERBS CONNECTED BY und^ or, nor, OR as well as, accompanied 

BY SOME DEPENDENT WORD OR PHRASE. 
RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two or more verbs are connected hy and ^ or^ or 
nor, and one or each of them has a vt^ord or phrase de- 
pending upon it, which does not bear equally upon both 
or all of them, such verb should be preceded by a comma. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Charles reads well, and writes legibly. 

Charles does not read well, or write legibly. 

Charles neither reads well, nor writes legibly. 

Charles reads well, and writes a good hand. 

Andrew ploughed the field, as well as sowed the grain. 

I ploughed the field yesterday, and will sow the grain to-day. 

We should do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with G-od. 

We will either ride to the city, or walk to the village. 

The farmer ploughs his ground, and plants his corn in the 
spring, and harvests the crop in the fall. 

This gentleman sold his farm, and purchased real estate in 
the city. 

This merchant resides in New Jersey, and carries on business 
in New York. 

This professor loves learning himself, and infuses the same 
spirit into the minds of his pupils. 

I will write a letter, and dispatch it to my friend immediately. 

I saw one farmer driving his cattle, and heard another call- 
ing his hogs. 

We may sympathize with persons in distress, and rejoice 
with them in prosperity. 

The poor fellow could neither pay his fine, nor give security 
for its payment. 

My son h^s gone to the academy, and will remain there for 
two or three years. 



192 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

ADVERBS CONNECTED BY undy Or, nor^ OR OS Well as. 

RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more adverbs are connected by and^ 
or, or nor^ a comma is inserted between them. 

When one adverb is connected to another by as well 
as, it is separated from the rest of the sentence by the 
comma. 

When an adverb, connected to another by and, is 
negatively or emphatically distinguished, a comma is 
inserted between them. 

When adverbs follow each other in pairs, a comma is 
inserted between the pairs. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The horse paces easily, beautifully, and rapidly, 

The horse paces easily, as well as gracefully. 

The horse paces both easily and gracefully. 

The horse does not pace either easily or gracefully. 

The horse paces neither easily nor gracefully. 

The horse paces easily, and also gracefully. 

The horse paces easily, and likewise gracefully. 

The horse paces easily, and gracefully too. 

Drive the horses slowly and carefully, and not so dashingly. 

The word shall be well and expeditiously done. 

Will the journal be published weekly or monthly ? 

The journal will be published monthly, and not weekly. 

Having diligently and carefully examined the subject, my 
opinion in regard to it will be likely to remain unchanged. 

Preachers should aim at speaking correctly, as well as elo- 
quently. 

The heat became more and more intense. 

My daughter has been long and dangerously sick. 

The insects moved up and down, hither and thither. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 193 



PREPOSITIONS CONNECTED BY and^ OT, UOT^ OR aS Well ttS. 
RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more prepositions are connected by 
and^ or, or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one preposition is connected to another by as 
well as, a comma is inserted between them. 

When a preposition connected to another by and, is 
negatively or emphatically distinguished, a comma is 
inserted between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Many persons both in and out of the church hold these erro- 
neous opinions. 

Many persons in, as well as out of the church, hold these er- 
roneous opinions. 

Many persons in, and also out of the church, hold these erro- 
neous opinions. 

Many persons in, and likewise out of the church, hold these 
erroneous opinions. 

Many persons in, and out of the church too, hold these erro- 
neous opinions. 

Few persons,either in or out of the church, hold these errone- 
ous opinions. 

This tree was much cultivated in and about Burlington 

The goods will be sold at or below the regular price. 

Bnifaloes have fled down, as well as across, the prairie. 

My friend lives neither at nor below Annapolis. 

He left this city on or about the fifteenth of August, in the 
year 1839. 

Over and above these claims, I hold a note against him 
amounting to five hundred dollars. 

The senator advanced an argument for, and not against, the 
measure. 



194 hazen's practical grammar. 



PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES CONNECTED BY and, OT, nOT, OR aS Well OS 
RULES OF PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more prepositional phrases are connected 
by and, or, or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one prepositional phrase is connected to another 
by as well as, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one prepositional phrase, connected to another by 
and, is negatively or emphatically distinguished, a comma 
is inserted between them. 

When two prepositional phrases are connected by and^ 
or, or nor, and one of them has another phrase or im- 
portant addition of words appended to it, which does not 
bear equally on the other, a comma is inserted between 
them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I saw this man at the hotel, at the church, and at the theatre. 

I saw this man at the hotel, as well as at the theatre. 

I saw this man at the hotel and at the theatre. 

I saw this man both at the hotel and at the theatre. 

I saw this man neither at the hotel nor at the theatre. 

I saw this man at the hotel, and not at the theatre. 

I saw this man at the hotel, and also at the theatre. 

The lad is fond of books, as well as of sport. 

This station is above my reach and beyond my deserts. 

The goods will be sold under the regular price and at consid- 
erable sacrifice. 

The young lady will accomplish the journey in company 
with her brother, or under the protection of a trusty friend. 

My son is unwilling to pursue his studies either at this acad- 
emy, or at any other school so deficient in good government. 

We were charmed with the beauty of the country, and with 
the music of the birds. 



dJ 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 195 



ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, CONNECTED BY 

and^ or, nor^ or as well as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This author composes beautifully, accurately, and with sur- 
prising facility. 

This author composes beautifully, as well as with remark- 
able accuracy. 

This author composes neither beautifully nor with accuracy. 

The clergyman addressed the congregation earnestly and with 
considerable effect. 

I saw my friend either here or at the springs. 

I saw my friend here, and not at the springs. 

The workmen are laboring industriously and in great harmony. 

The workmen, having executed their contract faithfully and 
with despatch, received the thanks of the board of the public 
works. 

PARTICIPIAL PHRASES CONNECTED BY aud^ or, Tior, OR as Well as, 

RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When three or more participial phrases are connected 
by and^ or^ or nor, a comma is inserted between them. 

When one participial phrase is connected to another 
by as well as^ it is ^parated from the rest of the sen- 
tence by the comma. 

When a participial phrase, connected to another by 
and^ is negatively or emphatically distingushed, a com- 
ma is inserted between them. 

When two or more participial phrases are connected 
by and, or^ or nor, and one or both of them are compo- 



NoTE. — The rules for punctuatioa relating to the participial phrases 
are also applicable to the gerundive phrases, to the prepositional gerund- 
ive phrases, and to the infinitive phrases. They need not, therefore, be 
repeated. 



196 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



sed in part of a noun or pronoun or an adjective, a com- 
ma is inserted between them. 

When two or more participial phrases are connected 
by and^ or^ or nor, and one or both of them are accom- 
panied by an adverb, or by another phrase which does 
not bear equally on each of them, a comma is inserted 
between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The te§icher found his pupils hopping, skipping, and jumping. 

The mob came down the street, whooping, yelling, and 
swearing. 

I have heard the lady weeping and lamenting on account of 
her misfortunes. 

I have heard the lady weeping, as well as lamenting, on ac- 
count of her misfortunes. 

I have heard the lady both weeping and lamenting on account 
of her misfortunes. 

Being a good mechanic, and being industrious, he can hardly 
fail to acquire property. 

Being a good mechanic and an accurate accountant, and being 
also industrious and economical, he can hardly fail to acquire 
property. 

This countryman, having a good farm, and being likewise a 
thrifty manager, fills his house with necessaries for his family, 
and his barns with provender for his stock. 

This gentleman having settled his affairs, and having visited 
his friends, left his country for a distant climCc 

This distinguished individual, having sold his estate, settled 
his business, and bid adieu to his friends, left his country to re- 
side in America. 

A lad walking in a garden, and humming a tune with a merry 
heart, trod on a serpent concealed in his path. 

This young merchant having been often seen inebriated. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 197 



and having also been often associated with suspicious characters, 
was finally discarded by the friends of sobriety and correct morals. 

Having either paid the cash, or secured its payment, he obtained 
possession of the property. 

Having neither paid the cash, nor secured its payment he 
failed to obtain the property. 

The young man having been idle at college, and having be- 
come dissipated in his habits, lost the confidence of his friends. 

GERUNDIVE PHRASES, AND NOUNS AND GERUNDIVE PHRASES, CON- 
NECTED BY and^ or, nor, or as well as. 

Examples for Parsing .and Imitation. 

Eating, drinking, and sleeping, are daily necessary to the ani- 
mal nature of man. 

Walking and riding are healthful exercises. 

Walking, as well as riding, is a healthful exercise. 

Both riding and walking are healthful exercises. 

Walking, and also riding, is a healthful exercise. 

Neither riding nor walking is an unhealthy exercise. 

Reading, and not spelling, is to be the next exercise. 

The law of God forbids lying and profane swearing, as well 
as bearing false witness, and disobedience to parents^ 

His being sick, and his being friendless, originated alike from 
his dissipated habits. 

Catching fish, and hunting wild animals, are the chief em- 
ployments of the inhabitants. 

Sleeping too much, and working too little, are faults of per- 
sons called indolent. 

Exposure to rain, and sleeping in damp clothes, were the 
causes of his indisposition. 

Praying sincerely, and swearing profanely, cannot be contin- 
ued by the same individual. 

The traveller was careful to avoid becoming wet, and sleep- 
ing in damp sheets. 

_ 



198 hazen's practical grammar. 



PREPOSITIONAL GERUNDIVE PHRASES CONNECTED BY and^ 07', 

nor, OR as well as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The inhabitants live by fishing and hunting. 

The inhabitants live by catching fish, as well as by hunting 
wild animals. 

The inhabitants live neither by catching fish, nor by hunting 
wild animals. 

The inhabitants live both by catching fish, and by hunting 
wild animals. 

The inhabitants live by cultivating the soil, and not by fish- 
ing and hunting. 

The inhabitants live by cutting timber, and likewise by cul- 
tivating the soil. 

This young man took great delight in being odd, and in teas- 
ing his companions. 

During our voyage, we whiled away the time in reading 
good books, in writing a journal, and in studying navigation. 

My friend is engaged in cultivating the soil, and in editing a 
newspaper. 

The old gentleman amused the children by recounting his 
adventures, and by telling stories. 

The students were admonished for going so far from the 
academy, and for making so much noise. 

This collegian recoiled from becoming a preacher of the gos- 
pel, and especially from becoming a missionary. 

He gained access to the garden without being injured, and 
without heincr discovered. 



Note. — By fishing and hunting may be parsed as a compouad or dou- 
ble prepositional gerundive phrase ; or it may be treated as two phrases 
connected by and with by understood before hunting. Some grammari- 
ans parse such words 3.s fishing and hunting as nouns ; but this is evidently 
erroneous, because they often govern nouns in the objective case, and 
also because they are frequently qualified by the adverb. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 199 

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES AND PREPOSITIONAL GERUNDIVE PHRASES 

CONNECTED BY and^ or, nor^ or as ivell as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The pupil was punished for idleness, and for being a truant. 
The colonel was cashiered for peculation, and for being a 
coward. 

This gentleman accumulated a large fortune by speculation, 

and by selling goods. 

The culprit was condemned for theft, and for being concerned 
in a rebellion. 

The bishop cautioned the preacher against being slack m 
government, and against negligence in preparing his sermons. 

Our teacher has been censured for being slack in discipline, 
or for negligence in instructing his pupils. 

This landholder was despised both for being severe towards 
his tenants, and for his knavery in dealing. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES CONNECTED BY and, or, noT, OR as Well as* 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The lad is able to read, write, and cipher. 

The lad is able to write, as well as cipher. 

The lad is able both to read and to write. 

The lad is able to read, and also to write. 

The lad is able to write, and cipher too. 

The lad is able to read or to write. 

The lad is able neither to read nor to write. 

The lad is not able to read or to write. 

The lad reads badly, and writes carelessly. 

The youth has come to work, and not to play. 

I have determined to sell my farm, and purchase a steam- 
boat to run on the Mississippi. 

The teacher finally induced his refractory pupil to attend to 
his studies, and to submit to wholesome discipline. 



200 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Will you be so good as to be silent, and hear me read ? 

This young man is determined to acquire knowledge, and to 
become a useful citizen. 

The Lord Jesus Christ commanded his disciples to tarry at 
Jerusalem, and wait for the promise of the Father. 

For so gross a violation of order, the student ought to be re- 
proved by the president, and be expelled from the institution. 

I saw a poor woman call at a house, and beg for some cold 
victuals. 

This tradesman is about to dispose of his stock in trade, and 
purchase a farm, in Iowa. 

INFINITIVE PHRASES, CONNECTED BY and^ OV, OR aS Well as, 
USED AS NOMINATIVE CASE TO THE VERB. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

To go and come will occupy two days. 

To see the falls, and to partake of a good dinner at the hotel, 
are the objects of our present visit. 

To see the falls, and not to partake of a good dinner at the 
hotel, is the object of our present visit. 

To see the falls, as well as to partake of a good dinner at the 
hotel, is the object of our present visit. 

To love God, and to promote the general happiness of man, 
should be the leading purposes of every Christian. 

To purchase a tolerable farm, or to build a comfortable house, 
requires a considerable sum of money. 

To write a good hand, to spell well, and to construct sen- 
tences with accuracy, should be the aim of every student. 



Note. — It may be well to inform the pupil, that, when infinitive phra- 
ses are connected by and, or, or as well asj to, the sign of the infinitive 
mode, is often omitted before the verb or verbs which follow the first, 
even though no preceding verb should require its omission. 

In the last example, good usage sanctions the use of aim, in the singu- 
lar number. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 201 



PREDICATIONS CONNECTED BY and^ or, nor, else, or otherwise. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two or more predications are connected by 
andy OTy noTy else^ or otherwise^ a comma is inserted be- 
tween them. 

Exception. When the dependence of the predications upon each other 
is not intimate, a semicolon should be used. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Mary went to church, and William stayed at home. 

Frederick walked across the field, and I went round by the road. 

Millers grind corn, and bakers bake bread. 

Authors write books, and printers print them. 

I will write a letter, and you may take it to the post office. 

My mother purchased some goods, and the merchant sent 
them to our dwelling by an errand-boy. 

My father and mother went to the country, and stayed there 
during the summer ; and my father's sister kept house for us in 
the mean time. 

Charles is unwell, and Mary is really sick. 

George Washington was a prudent general, and Benjamin 
Franklin was a shrewd politician. 

John was reprimanded by the president, Francis was expelled 
from the insULUtion, and George retired from it in disgust. 

We must rusticate during the hot weather, or we shall suffer 
in health. 

We must study diligently, or we shall disappoint our parents 
in their reasonable expectations. 

The ladies would not drink wine, nor would the gentlemen 
drink brandy. 

I must get my father's consent, else we cannot proceed. 

Repent, else I will come to thee quickly. 

I have not the money, otherwise I would accommodate you. 



202 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PREDICATIONS CONNECTED BY that. 
RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two predications are connected hythat^^, com- 
ma is inserted between them. 

When that is omitted between two predications, or 
when it precedes both of them, a comma is inserted be- 
tween them. 

Exception. When that is the object of a transitive verb, the comma 
need not be inserted before it. In such cases, that sustains the relation 
of both a definite adjective pronoun and a conjunction. In other 
cases, it might be proved to sustain this twofold relation ; but it is hardly- 
worth while to perplex the student with illustrations and explanations 
to prove it. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

1 go to school, that I may acquire an education. 

My son was so sick, that we could not pursue our journey 
for several days. 

Some of my pupils ate so inconsiderate, that they will not 
study. 

This merchant is such a knave, we cannot safely deal with 
him. 

I hate deception so heartily, that I cannot respect adeceptious 
person. 

He has met with such success in several speculations, that 
he has concluded to risk his whole fortune in a new adventure. 

That we may please God, and respect ourselves, we should 
endeavor to do right. 

That we may not want bread in old age, we should be indus- 
trious and economical in the prime of life. 

We should be industrious and economical in the prime of 
life, that we may not want bread in old age. 

The gentleman said that he was about to leave the city. 

My parents hope that I shall soon recover my health. 

He fancied that you were greatly displeased. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 203 



PHRASES AND PREDICATIONS CONNECTED BY that. 
RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When a phrase and a predication are connected by 
that^ a comma is inserted between them. 

When that is omitted between a phrase and a predi- 
cation, a comma is inserted between them. 

Exception. When that is the object of a transitive verb, participle 
or gerundive, the comma need not be inserted before it. In such cases, 
that sustains the relation of both a definite adjective pronoun and 
a conjunction. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

My son being so sick, that we could not pursue our journey, 
we turned aside to a pleasant farm-house. 

The merchant being such a knave, that we cannot safely deal 
with him, we shall do well to shun his store. 

Having made up our minds, that any particular course of con- 
duct is wrong, we should perseveringly refuse to pursue it. 

His being obsequious, that he might obtain the favor of his 
superior officers, excited their contempt. 

The preacher cautions his hearers against complaining that 
the dispensations of Providence are too severe. 

The youth was encouraged to read good books, that he might 
acquire knowledge, and fortify his morals against vicious exam- 
ples. 

The president having declared that he would serve but one 
term, declined being a candidate for re-election. 

This unfortunate man was sustained in his afhictions by be- 
lieving that happiness awaited him in a better world. 

We have reason to fear that some disaster has befallen the 
travellers. 

The Jews were rendered more observant of the rites of hos- 
pitality by the circumstance, that Abraham entertained angels 
unawares. 



204 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PREDICATIONS IN WHICH ARE APPLIED THE ADDITIVE 

CONJJJNCTIONS further J furthermore^ moreover y also, likewise, 

too, besides, again, more, and nay. 
All these conjunctions, except nay, are commonly 
used with and, 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When further^ furthermore^ moreover^ besides^ agaiUy 
or more, not preceded by and^ is used to continue a sub- 
ject, it is followed by a comma, and preceded by a comma, 
a semicolon, or a period. When used with and^ it is 
preceded and followed by the comma. 

When also or likewise is used without and^ to continue 
a subject, it is preceded by a semicolon ; but a comma 
is not inserted after it. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation 

I shall proceed, further, to prove that their arguments are 
founded on false premises. 

He agreed positively to purchase my farm i and, furthermore, 
he bargained for my stock and surplus produce. 

He says that the demand is unjust; and, more, he insists that 
you know it to be so. 

Moreover, Job continued his parable, and said. 

Nearly all of my early associates have gone to the world of 
spirits ; and I, too, must soon follow. 

My brother has gone to the inauguration ; and I, also, mean 
to be there. 

Wise men die ; likewise the fool and the brutish man perish. 

I have not visited my native country for twenty years ; be- 
sides, I never expect to see it again. 

The robber asked me for my purse ; nay, he demanded it. 

The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether; 
moreover, by them is thy servant warned. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 205 



4. ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 

But Nevertheless Still Howbeit 

Yet Notwithstanding However 
These conjunctions are used to introduce sentiments 
or facts differing from others which have preceded them. 
But, like and, is used to connect nouns, adjectives, verbs, 
adverbs, prepositional phrases and adverbs, phrases, and 
predications. 

SIMILAR PARTS OF SPEECH CONNECTED BY hut, EITHER ALONE, 

OR IN CONJUNCTION WITH uot only, also, OR likewise, 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two words are connected by but, a comma is 
inserted between them. 

Examples for parsing and Imitation. 

My son, but not my daughter, has gone to France. 

We need a pair of horses, but not a yoke of oxen. 

We need not only a pair horses, but also a yoke of oxen. 

Some physicians dislike the study, but not the practice, of 
medicine. 

. Some physicians dislike not only the study, but likewise the 
practice, of medicine. 

Learned physicians are right in prohibiting not only quacks, 
but also females, to interfere in their treatment of patients. 

Some diseases are severe, but not dangerous. 

Some diseases are not only severe, but also dangerous. 

The stranger is ugly in person, but elegant in manners. 

The horse paces easily, but not fast. 

The lad writes rapidly, but carelessly. 

The lad writes beautifully, but not with accuracy. 

Many persons not only in, but also out of the church, advocate 
these opinions. 

18 



206 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PREDICATIONS CONNECTED BY huty yet^ nevertheless^ howbeit, 
notwithstanding, still, and however. 

When two predications, connected by but, yet, never- 
thelesSy howbeit, and notwithstanding, are unaccompanied 
by another conjunction, a semicolon is inserted between 
them. 

When however J nevertheless^ or notwithstanding, occurs 
in the midst of a predication, it is separated from the 
rest of the sentence by the comma. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I will call ; but I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call ; yet I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call ; nevertheless I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call ; howbeit I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call ; notwithstanding I cannot stay to dine. 

I will call ; I cannot, however, stay to dine. 

lam displeased with his treatment; still I am not willing 
to renounce his friendship. 

He is able to relieve our wants ; but he is unwilling to do so. 

The lad is ignorant ; nevertheless he avoids instruction. 

I have hoed my garden several times : notwithstanding it is 
full of weeds. 

He has heard much good preaching; still he is impenitent. 

I have travelled extensively with the view to select a neigh- 
borhood for a permanent residence ; I cannot, however, fix on any 
desirable spot. 

You have so high an opinion of your plantation, I fear that 
you will ask too much for it. I will, nevertheless, call and view 
it in a few days. 

The people were not well pleased with their preacher. They, 
notwithstanding, paid him the salary agreed upon by the quar- 
terly conference. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 207 



PHRASES CONNECTED BY hut^ EITHER ALONE OR ACCOMPANIED 

BY not only^ also, or likewise, 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two phrases, or an adverb and a prepositional 
phrase, are connected by but^ a comma is inserted be- 
tween them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I saw this man, not at the theatre, but at the church. 

I have seen this man not only at the theatre, but also at the 
church. 

We can travel not only in the day, but likewise in the night. 

I met my friend not only there, but also in Philadelphia. 

This writer composes not only beautifully, but also with great 
accuracy. 

The rules of the society forbid not only drinking alcohol, and 
the use of tobacco, but also gambling of every description. 

The inhabitants are employed not only in catching fish, but 
also in hunting wild animals. 

The preacher was censured not only for being slack in admin- 
istering the discipline, but also for negligence in preparing for 
the pulpit. 

I have not only determined to sell my farm, but also to remove 
to Iowa. 

PREDICATIONS CONNECTED BY but, ACCOMPANIED BY TlOt Onll/, 

OR BY not only and also or likewise* 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two predications, are connected by but^ accom- 
panied by not only or by not only and also or likewise^ 
a comma is inserted between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The stranger is not only ugly in person, but he is likewise 
uncouth in manners. 



208 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The horse is not only lame, but he is likewise blind. 

The pleurisy is not only a severe disease, but it is also a 
dangerous one. 

The principal not only reprimanded his pupils, but he chas- 
tised them also. 

This man was not only indicted for arson by the grand jury, 
but the indictment was fully sustained on the subsequent trial. 

5. CAUSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 
As Since For 

Because Inasmuch as 

These conjunctions are used to introduce sentences 
expressing a reason or cause. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When an inferential conjunction occurs before or 
between two predicationsj a comma is inserted between 
them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

We regard his opinions, as he is a wise and prudent man. 

As he is a wise and prudent man, we regard his opinions. 

We regard his opinions, because he is a wise and prudent man. 

Because he is a wise and prudent man, we regard his opinions. 

We regard his opinions, since he is a wise and prudent man. 

Since he is a wise and prudent man, we regard his opinions. 

We regard his opinions, inasmuch as he is a wise and pru- 
dent man. 

Inasmuch as he is a wise and prudent man, we regard his 
opinions. 

We regard his opinions, for he is a wise and prudent man. 

As the ten commandments have been ordained by the Supreme 
Being, we are bound to obey them. 

We love him, because he first loved us. 

Since you have come, you would do well to remain. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 209 

I regret that these wicked proceedings have taken place, for 
their tendency is to injure a good cause. 

6. INFERENTIAL CONJUNCTIONS. 
Therefore Then Hence So 

These conjunctions are used to introduce sentences 
expressing an inference or conclusion. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two predications, are connected by an inferen- 
tial conjunction, a semicolon is inserted between them 5 
and the conjunction is separated from the rest of the 
sentence by the comma. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Man is a sinner; hence, he has need of a Savior. 

Man is a sinner; he has, therefore, need of a Savior. 

You acknowledge that man is a sinner; then, you must admit 
that he has need of a Savior. 

On the whole, I do not think the measure a good one; hence, 
I cannot give it my approval. 

On the whole, I do not think the measure a good one ; so, I 
cannot give ii my approval. 

The honest lawyer said to his client. You admit that your 
cause is unjust; then, why do you expect me to undertake it ? 

I could not sell my tobacco for a good price last summer ; so, 
I concluded to keep it over. 

You know that alcohol may undermine your health, ruin 
your reputation, and beggar your family ; why will you not, 
therefore, abandon its use ? 

Every human virtue should be cultivated with diligence ; 
prudence is a human virtue ; therefore, prudence should be cul- 
tivated with diligence. 

Note. — All the inferential conjunctions may be used to introduce the 
inference in a regular syllogism, although they are not all equally elegant. 



210 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



7. ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS. 
As When Whence 

Before Whenever Whither 

After While How 

Since Whilst Why 

Till Where Wherefore 

Until Wherever Whereby 

These conjunctions connect the predications. They 
also connect the predications, and the phrases formed from 
them ; and some of them connect the prepositional phrases 
with the predications and the other phrases. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION, 

When two predications are connected by an adverbial 
conjunction, a comma is inserted between them, unless the 
sentence is short, or unless the conjunction immediately 
follows the transitive verb. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

We had a fine prospect of the falls, as we were crossing the 
river below them. 

As we were crossing the river below the falls, we had a fine 
view of them. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
We had a fine prospect of the falls^ as we were crossing 

the river below them. 
Jls is an adverbial conjunction. Asa conjunction it 
connects two predications, as an adverb it qualifies the 
verb had in the first predication, and were crossing in the 
second. 

Rule. Adverbial conjunctions connect predications, 
and qualify the verbs in the predications so connected. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 211 

As the queen was passing by, we had a fair view of her person. 

I cannot accommodate you with a loan, until I return from 
Europe. 

Before I left England, I had some intimation of this project. 

I hope to visit you again, after I have completed my profes- 
sional studies. 

After I have completed my professional studies, I shall com- 
mence business in Kentucky. 

I have not seen an individual from my native state, since I 
left it. 

Since my son removed to that country, he has prospered be- 
yond expectation. 

My father waited till he could wait no longer. 

Till you have answered this argument, you should not pro- 
ceed to another point in the controversy. 

The Indians remained in ambush, until our army had come 
within gun-shot. 

Until all arrearages have been paid on the subscription, the 
proprietors are not obliged to stop the paper. 

Cutting wood is slow work when the axe is dull. 

When I saw my brother last, he was in good health. 

Men sink themselves beneath the dignity of their species, 
whenever they speak a falsehood. 

Whenever a man becomes angry, he is apt to lose the power 
of self-con troL 

I will read the paper while you are gone. 

While the regiment was passing by, we noticed the peculiari- 
ties in the uniform of each company. 

Whilst countrymen are in large cities, they should be curious 
to see every thing remarkable. 

When he awoke in the morning, he could not tell where he 
was, until he recognised the servants. 

Where he was he could not tell, until he recognised the 
servants. 



212 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

This preacher was beloved wherever he travelled. 

Wherever this epidemic prevailed, it superseded every other 
acute disease. 

Thou canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth. 

Whither I go ye know, and the way ye know. 

Have you learned whence this measure originated ? 

Whence this measure originated we do not know. 

How this farmer can pay ofif his debts, his croaking neighbors 
cannot imagine. 

Revelation informs us how we may please God, and attain to 
everlasting happiness. 

This young lady does not know why she is displeased ; never- 
theless she is determined to continue so. 

This young lady does not know wherefore she is displeased ; 
yet she is determined to continue so. 

Why this man conducted himself so absurdly nobody can tell. 

A kind friend will supply the means whereby good counsel 
can be obtained. 

PHRASES AND PREDICATIONS CONNECTED BY ADVERBIAL 
CONJUNCTIONS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having had a fine prospect of the falls as we were crossing 
the river below them, their aspect is still vivid in my recollec- 
tion. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Having had a fine prospect of the falls as we were crossing 

the river below them, their aspect is still vivid in my 

recollection. 

As is an adverbial conjunction. As a conjunction, it 
connects a phrase and a predication, and qualifies having 
had in the participial phrase, and were crossing in the 
predication. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 213 



Improving the moments as they fly, is called taking time by 
the forelock. 

In discharging all our obligations of duty as they rise, we 
live up -to the dignity of human nature. 

We ought to improve the moments as they fly swiftly along. 

Having settled every pecuniary concern before I left home, 
I can be absent for some time without anxiety arising from 
business. 

Calling upon people, without sufficient cause, before they are 
up in the morning, is often inexpedient. 

By eating melons before they are ripe, we incur some hazard. 

The practice of going to church after the service has com- 
menced, should be avoided. 

We were anxious to see our particular friends once more be- 
fore we left the country. 

My son, having been prospered in business since he came to 
this state, has acquired a considerable fortune. 

My father, having waited for us till he could wait no longer, 
left us to make the best of our way to the village alone. 

The savages, having remained in ambush until our little army 
had come within gunshot, raised a hideous cry, and made on us 
a furious attack. 

This farmer failed to make a good crop,through being sick 
until it was too late to prepare the ground in the best manner. 

The people, having learned when the president would pass 
through the village, came in great numbers from the neighbor- 
ing country,to see him. 

Being displeased whenever this subject is mentioned, his 
friends forbear alluding to it even in the most distant manner. 



Rule. Adverbial conjunctions connect phrases and 
predications, and qualify the verbs, participles, or gerun- 
dives in the phrases, and the verbs in the predica- 
tions. 



t 



214 hazen's practical grammar. 



By attending diligently to business while we are ia the 
prime of life, we may secure a competency for old age. 

This gentleman was accustomed to visit the places of public 
resort, while he remained in the city. 

Not knowing where he was, he inquired of a stranger the 
direction to the main road. 

The gentleman, not being able to discover whence this ma- 
licious article proceeded, holds the editor responsible for its pub- 
lication. 

Abraham went out, not knowing whither he went. 

Not knowing how he should conduct his affairs under these 
difficult circumstances, he applied to a friend for advice. 

We insisted upon his declaring why he entertained so unfa- 
vorable an opinion of this measure. 

The assembly was confused, the greater part not knowing 
wherefore they had come together. 

This young farmer was aiming to acquire the means whereby 
he might purchase a tract of land in some of the western states. 

Living in a neighborhood where religion was disregarded, they 
occasionally rode to a distant village, to attend public worship. 

To give the reasons why this course should be pursued, would 
occupy too much time. 

Being a proprietor in the office whence this paper is issued, I 
may be presumed to know the amount of its circulation. 

On some occasion before we became particularly acquainted, 
I heard you say that you had practised medicine. 

This work was undertaken at a time when money could be 
borrowed in Europe. 

There is an eminent academy in the village where I reside. 

In the village where I reside, there is an eminent academy. 

In every country where I travelled, I met with people willing 
to relieve strangers in distress. 

In all the places where I have spoken upon the subject, I 
have frankly expressed my opinions. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



215 



8. COMPARATIVE ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS. 
As As — as As — so So — as Than 
These conjunctions are used in the comparison of things, 
and likewise in the comparison of actions and the con- 
dition of things. As — as and than are used with an ad- 
jective or an adverb of comparison. 

PREDICATIONS CONNECTED BY COMPARATrVE ADVERBIAL 
CONJDNCTIONS. 
RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two predications are connected by as — so^ a 
comma is inserted before so. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

You must all do as I do. 

We will do as well as we can. 

Philip is as tall as Henry or Augustus. 

J«)hn is much taller than either of them. 

John is not so tall as his elder brother. 

A youth may become as wise as his teacher. 

The Psalmist says, I am wiser than my teachers. 

I can write as well as you can. 

I can cut wood much faster than you can. 

The tailor has fitted you far better than me. 

As it is with the priest, so is it with the people. 

As your day is, so shall your strength be. 

I recited my lesson more promptly than you did. 

I cannot remain at school more than a year. 

New York is better situated for commerce than Philadelphia. 

In the second example, do is understood after can) in the 
third, is after Augustus) in tne fourth, is before either or after 
therriy &c.; without further help, pupils can supply the ellipsis in 
each of the other examples, not only on this, but also on the 
foUowmg page. 



216 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



PHRASES AND PREDICATIONS CONNECTED BY C03\IPARATIVE 
ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Having done as all others had done under similar circumstan- 
ces, he felt satisfied with his conduct. 

This gentleman satisfied his conscience by doing as well as 
he could under the circumstances. 

John, being as strong and hardy as his brother, can do as 
much work as he can. 

The youth having become as learned as his old teacher, left 
his school to obtain the instructions of a better scholar. 

Being able to do more and better work than ordinary journey- 
men, he commands higher wages than they. 

The martyr, loving his duty better than life, submitted to be 
consumed at the stake without hesitation. 

Baltimore being more advantageously situated for commerce 
than Philadelphia, will be likely to compete successfully with 
her in trade. 

9. CONDITIONAL CONJUNCTIONS. 

If Though Unless Lest 

If^ though, and unless^ are used in expressing present 
uncertainty, or a conditional circumstance assumed as a 
fact, future contingency, and suppositions of indefinite 
time. Lest is used only in expressing future contingency. 

If is sometimes combined with hut. 

Except is occasionally used instead of unless^ although this 
application of the word is not elegant. 

That, in expressing a wish or desire, is used not only with the 
indicative and potential modes, but also with the indefinite past 
tense of the subjunctive. It is also used with the subjunctive 
present, in expressing future contingency. 

Provided, ox it being provided that, is often used instead of if 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR.. 217 



in all its various applications. In such cases, provided may be 
treated as a participle belonging to it, expressed or understood, 
it being in the independent case. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

When a conditional conjunction is used before or be- 
tween two predications, a comma is inserted between 
them. 

If, though, AND unless, used in expressing present 

UNCERTAINTY, &C. 
RULE OF SYNTAX. 

When a conditional conjunction is used in expressing 
present uncertainty, or a conditional circumstance as- 
sumed as a fact, the verb should be in the indicative or 
potential mode. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

If this man is poor, he pays his debts. 

If newspapers are sometimes scurrilous, they are, neverthe- 
less, vehicles of much information. 

I will aid my friend, if he desires me to do so. 

Though our outward man perishes, the inward man is renew- 
ed day by day. 

Though he was a son, yet learned he obedience. 

This politician has supported some injudicious measures, al- 
though he is generally prudent. 

I shall succeed in raising the necessary funds, unless money 
is very scarce. 

Note. — To learn the form of the verb in the subjunctive mode, pupils 
should refer to the conjugation of the several verbs. This mode has but 
two tenses ; viz. the present and the indefinite past. The indefinite past 
tense is used in expressing suppositions of indefinite time, and it might, 
and in fact ought, to be called the indefinite tense. With this explanation 
however, it may be understood just as well as if it had been so denomi* 
nated. 

19 ~ ~ 



218 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Unless I am much mistaken, I saw you at the great politi- 
cal meeting, in Ohio. 

You will remember the transaction, unless your memory is 
unusually treacherous. 

If I did not comply with the conditions of the contract, it was, 
because I could not do it. 

If my son has not paid the demand, I will do it myself. 

If my son had not paid the demand, I would do it myself. 

If my son will not pay the demand, I will do it myself. 

If your son will not pay the demand, it would be better for 
you to pay it yourself. 

Unless my son has already paid the demand, I will do it 
myself. 

Though my daughter was very sick, she was not thought to 
be in danger. 

I have never seen this celebrated cataract, although I have 
often been in its vicinity. 

I met with much violent opposition; though I carried my 
point. 

The jury cannot rely upon the testimony of the witness, unless 
he can be proved to be a man of truth and veracity. 

The jury could not rely upon this man's testimony, unless he 
could be proved to be a man of truth and veracity. 

I shall leave home to-day, although I should prefer to remain 
for a week longer. 

If you had but called at the time appointed, you would have 
saved yourself some perplexity. 

The whole difficulty might be settled, if he would but pursue 
a reasonable course. 

that ye would altogether hold your peace. 

that I had seen my friend, before he died. 

1 wish T had gone before this event occurred. 

I will perform the ceremony, provided your parents or guar- 
dians have given their consent to your marriage. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 219 



Tf, though^ although^ unless^ and lest^ expressing a future 

CONTINGENCY. 
RULE OF SYNTAX. 

When a conditional conjunction is used in the present 
tense in expressing a future contingency, the subjunctive 
mode should be used. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

If he coQtend by legal process, he will fail to establish his claim. 

I shall see my friend in a few days, and, if he desire my assist- 
ance, I will readily afford it. 

This mechanic will maintain his rights, though he suffer loss 
by so doing. 

Though he fall, he shall not be utterly cast down. 

Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. 

Although the fig-tree blossom not, and the labor of the olive 
fail ; yet I will rejoice in the Lord ; I will joy in the God of my 
salvation. 

Unless thou give a reasonable excuse, they will fine thee. 

Unless he arrive in time for the boat in the morning, he will 
be obliged to wait there until noon for the cars. 

Despise no condition, lest it happen to be thine own lot. 

Carry some provisions with thee, lest thou suffer with hunger. 

Watch the door of thy lips, lest thou utter folly. 

If he do but touch the hills, they shall smoke. 

I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. 

Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob. 

I give my consent that he go, provided he promise to return 
early in the evening. 

It much concerns the public good, that the rising generation 
be educated. 

It is important that thou come as soon as possible. 

It is more important that the fortress of the Ligurians be 
taken than that the cause of Marcus Curius be well defended* 



220 hazen's practical grammar. 



//*, though^ AND unless^ used in expressing supposition 

WITH INDEFINITE TIME. 
RULE OF SYNTAX. 

Tn expressing a supposition with indefinite time, either 
with or without a conditional conjunction, the subjunc- 
tive mode and indefinite past tense should be used. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

If I were to write a letter to this miserly man, he would not 
take it from the post office. 

If it Avere not so, I would have told you. 

If love were never feigaed, it would appear scarce. 

If thou loved God, thou wouldst keep his commandments. 

He would be detected, if he were an impostor. 

Were I iu his circumstances, I should manage my affairs 
very differently. 

Were death denied, all men would wish to die. 

This spendthrift would waste his fortune, though he were as 
rich as CrcESus. 

Though thou wert as strong as Samson, thy efforts would be 
unavailing. 

He would not be handsome, even though he wore whiskers. 

I would not obey this injunction, unless it were a command 
of God. 

Unless the Lord were merciful, man's condition would be still 
more woful. 

If he were but determined to do right, all would be well. 

that he were wise, that he would consider his latter end. 

1 wish that I were at home. 

I wish that my friend had more capital. 

Your system would answer very well, provided man were an 
upright being. 

I told him that I would advance the proposed sum, it being 
provided, that satisfactory security were afforded. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 221 



PHRASES AND PREDICATIONS CONNECTED BY THE CONDITIONAL 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

RULE FOR_ PUNCTUATION. 

When a phrase and a predication are connected by 
a conditional conjunction, a comma should not be inserted 
between them. 

There are a few exceptions to this rule, the nature of which 
will be exhibited in the examples. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

This young lady, being always displeased if she is not distin- 
guished by particular attentions, has finally become disagreeable 
even to her best friends. 

This laborer lost the good will of his employer, by getting 
angry if he were desired to hasten the execution of his work. 

His being idle unless the teacher is watching him, is a sure 
indication of baseness of mind. 

Charles sacrificed the good opinion not only of his teacher, 
but also of all the ingenuous boys of the school, by being idle 
unless he were constantly urged to attend to his studies. 

This woman renders herself ridiculous, by being ofi*ended if 
she is not first helped at table. 

I loaded my rifle and pistols, determining to fire on the insur- 
gents, if my personal safety should require the measure. 

He ought to be severely punished for this outrage, unless he 
make ample reparation to the injured party. 

This public defaulter, fearing lest he be arrested, and cast into 
prison, left his country in haste for a distant clime. 

The youth handled his gun carefully, fearing lest it go off, 
and injure himself or some other person. 

This gentleman died, earnestly desiring that his son walk 
through life in the paths of rectitude and peace. 

Parents ought not to desire that their children live without 
labor, or attention to business. 



19* 



222 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



ESPECIAL REMARKS AND EXAMPLES RELATING TO ivhethcr, after, 

before, when, till, until, as — as and so — as. 

These conjunctions have been classed by some grammarians 
with those which may be used with the subjunctive mode ; but 
this is an error which the author of this grammar is unwilling 
to sanction, although good writers have olten thus employed 
them. 

Whether is a correspondive conjunction expressing with 
or a mere alternative without regard to time. 

Jlfter, before, when, till, or until, carries the mind 
back or forward to some point indicated by the context. 
By their aid, future time may be expressed by a verb in 
the present tense, and prior perfect time, by a verb in 
the indefinite past tense. 

Future time may also be expressed by a verb in the 
present tense, combined with the comparative adverbi- 
al conjunction as — as or so — as. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I cannot tell whether I shall go or not. 

Whether I shall go to the western country, or purchase a farm 
in this state, I have not yet determined. 

I have not decided whether I shall remain here or not. 

I do not know whether he has gone to the city or not. 

The students have not yet been able to judge whether their 
new principal is very strict in discipline or not. 

After I came to this country, I began to hope that I could 
once more conduct my business advantageously. 

I had formed no adequate conception of the magnificence of 
these falls, before I visited them. 

When he is come, he will tell us all things. 

When he came, he made an apology for detaining us so long. 

I will mention the subject when I write to him. 

I will wait here until he writes or comes for me. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 223 



The young lady stayed here, until her lather wrote or sent 
for her to return home. 

Till man repents, he cannot be forgiven. 

He will go as far as the rest go, before he stops. 

This clergyman will probably preach to that congregation 
as long as the people composing it, are satisfied with his minis- 
trations. 

I will employ this young man so long as he proves faithful in 
the discharge of his duty. 

CONJUNCTIONS CONNECTED BY and^ OT, TlOr, OR but. 

In the examples under this head, the conjunctions may be 
parsed as connected by and, or, nor, or but ; or the predication 
including the conjunction may be so treated. 

RULE rOR PUNCTUATION. 

When two or more predications preceded by a conjunc- 
tion, are connected by and^ or^ nor^ or but, a comma is 
inserted between them. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

I go to school, that I may acquire knowledge, and that I may 
discipline my mind. 

We should endeavor to do right, that we may respect our- 
selves, and that we may please God. 

I hope that I shall recover my health, and that I shall once 
more visit my native country. 

My father insists that I should be a farmer, or that I should 
learn some useful trade. 

The mother is fearful, that her daughter be sick, or that she 
meet with some accident, before she gets to her journey's end. 

Having made up our minds, that any particular course of 
conduct would be wrong, or that it would be inexpedient, we 
should perseveringly refuse to pursue it. 

We are willing to follow his advice, as he is our friend, and 
as he is acquainted with the whole subject. 



224 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



We are willing to follow his advice, not only because he is 
our friend, but because he is well acquainted with the whole 
subject. 

We conversed upon this matter as we were sitting on the 
piazza, or as we were w^alking to the village. 

And thou shalt teach them to thy children, speaking of them 
when thou sittest in thy house, and when thou walkest by the 
way, and whea thou liest down, and when thou risest up. 

And they said one to another, Did not our hearts burn within 
us, while we walked by the way, and while he opened to us 
the Scriptures 'i 

Since you have come so early, and since you are appropriately 
dressed, we may as well walk in the public square for a while. 

The child could not tell whence he came, nor whither he was 
going. 

The wind bloweth where it listeth, thou hearest the sound 
thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it 
goeth. 

You must not remain here until I come, nor until I can send 
for you. 

If you will be there at the time appointed, and if James and 
William will come also, we can make up a good party for the 
excursion. 

I fear lest my son spend his patrimony, and lest he waste his 
youthful days in frivolous pursuits. 

This artist may fail to become eminent in his profession, not 
because he is not talented, but because he is attempting to em- 
brace in his practice every branch of his art. 

THE COLON. 

The colon is used after a complete sentence, when 
something more is added by way of illustration. This 
point, however, has been nearly superseded by the semi- 
colon and period. 



hazen's practical grammar. 225 



PRONOUNS RESUMED FROM PAGE 44. 

GENERAL RULE OF SYNTAX. 

Pronouns must agree with their antecedents, or the 
nouns for which they stand, in gender, number, and person. 
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

The personal pronouns are simple substitutes. There 
are five of them ; namely, /, thou, he, she^ and it. 

EXCEPTIONS TO GENERAL RULE. 

Exception 1. It may be applied to a young child, or to other creatures 
masculine or feminine, when their sex is not obvious, or when it need not 
be distinguished. 

Exception 2. It often represents a predication, or a phrase, or both 
combined. In such cases it may precede or follow the clause which it 
represents. 

Exception 3. It is sometimes used without especial reference to any 
antecedent or subsequent. In such cases it is expletive, and in general 
may be dispensed with. 

Exception 4. A noun in the singular number, when preceded by many 
a, may be represented by a pronoun in the plural number. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

My father will remove to thecity, if he can sell his plantation. 
A proposition for the sale of our property has been made to 
my mother ; but she appears to be unwilling to part with it. 



EXAMPLES OFPARSING. 
My father ivill remove to the city^ if he can sell his plantation. 

He is a personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 
third person, and agrees Yfixh. father. 

Rule. Pronouns must agree with their antecedents, or the 
nouns for which they stand, in gender, number, and person. 
He is nominative case to can sell. 

Etjle. The agent which introduces the verb into the sentence, 
must be in the nominative case. 



226 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The child is very sick, and I am afraid that it will die. 

My brother killed a deer in the morning, and had it dressed 
in time to have a venison steak for breakfast. 

A farmer having caught a wild goose, endeavored to domesti- 
cate it; but, when the season for migration came, it flew off. 

It is better to be studious than to remain ignorant. 

It will be a great honor to have written such a work. 

It has been decided, that the culprit be sent to the penitentiary 
for seven years. 

The young lady is very handsome ; and she has the misfortune 
to know it. 

The president, it is well known, is opposed to the bill. 

How shall I contrive it to go to court ? 

" Come and trip it as you go 
On the light fantastic toe.^' 

I have seen many an Indian pass along this road. They 
commonly travel in small parties. 

I have caught many a trout in this stream. They used to be 
very plenty. 

THE POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Mine His Ours Theirs 

Thine Hers Yours 

These words represent not only the possessor^ but also 
the thing or things possessed. They are used only in the 
nominative and objective cases. 

Mine, thine, and his, are used as personal pronouns in the 
possessive case, when they precede nouns on which they depend. 
Mine and thine are often used for my and thy before a vowel. 



Note. — The author's method of treating the words under the head of 
Possessive Personal Pronouns, may not be satisfactory to every gramma- 
rian ; but it must be admitted by those who may differ from him in theory, 
that the examples for parsing and imitation will guide the pupil to correct 
practice. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 227 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Your goods came yesterday, but mine are yet on their way. 

Yours of the 10th instant came to hand in due time. 

I sold my tobacco when my brother sold his. 

Is this handkerchief yours, or is it mine ? 

My sword and yours are kin. 

" We have met the enemy, and they are ours." 

This house and lot are mine, and not his. 

Thine is all the glory, mine is the boundless bliss. 

Have you seen your son lately ? I have not seen mine, since 
he left home in January. 

I own a farm, and so does my sister ; but hers is to be sold. 

My cattle have been trying to get into the lot with yours. 

A friend of thine mentioned the subject to me. 

Your ox has been gored by an unlucky bull of mine. 

I shall show my gratitude by befriending you and yours, when- 
ever occasion may offer. 

THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
Who Which That 

A relative pronoun is a word that represents a prece- 
ding word, and introduces a predication without the aid 
of a conjunction. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
Your goods came yesterday ; hut mine are yet on their way. 
Mine is a possessive personal pronoun, masculine gender, sin- 
gular number, first person, and agrees with the person who 
speaks. As the representative of goods, it is also neuter gender, 
plural number, and third person. Rule in both cases. Pronouns 
must agree with their antecedents, or the nouns for which they 
stand, in gender, number, and person. Mine is nominative case 
to are. Rule. The agent which introduces the verb into the 
sentence, must be in the nominative case. 



2^8 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



When these pronouns are nominative case to a following verb, 
or are governed by it, they constitute a part of the predication 
which they introduce. They may also constitute a part of infini- 
tive phrases, as well as of prepositional, and prepositional gerund- 
ive phrases. 

As a general rule, the relative pronoun should be placed as 
near to its antecedent as possible. 

The relative in the objective case is sometimes omitted before 
the verb. 

RULES FOR THE APPLICATION OF who, wkick, AND that. 
Who is applied only to persons, and to brute animals acting in the ca- 
pacity of persons. 

Which is applied to brute animals, and to inanimate things, as well as 
to young children. Which may also represent a collective noun standing 
for persons, when the objects comprising the collection, are referred to 
collectively; but, when they are referred to individually, who or that 
should be used. 

That is applied to persons, brute animals, and inanimate things. 
1 l^hat is used in preference to who or which ; 

1. After adjectives in the superlative degree. 

2. After the word same or very. 

3. After who when used as the antecedent. 

4. After an antecedent introduced by it. 

5. After antecedents which are limited in their application only by the 
relative and its verb. 

6. After antecedents which include persons as well as brute animals or 
things. 

RULE FOR PUNCTUATION. 

Phrases or predications introduced by relative pronouns, should 
be separated by the comma from the sentences to which they 
are connected. 

Exception. When the antecedent is restricted in its applica- 
tion by some preceding word, or by the relative and its verb, or 
by both, a comma need not be inserted before the relative. 



hazen's practical grammar. 229 



Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

INTRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

The gentleman who called here on Saturday, has come again. 

I, who speak from positive knowledge, can testify to the fact. 

A horse, which ran in the race, is about to be sold at auction. 

The timber which is now growing on the land, will bring the 
whole purchase money. 

The boats that ply on the northern lakes, frequently suffer 
from violent storms. 

The committee which acted with so much unanimity, was 
composed of gentlemen from both parties. 

Solomon was the wisest man that had lived. 

This is the same man that was here before. 

This orator speaks in words that burn. 

It was I that whispered. 

The man and the horse that fell through the bridge, were 
saved from drowning with great difficulty. 

IKTRANSITIVE POST-ADJECTIVE PREDICATION. 

The lady who was so sick, when you were at my house, is 
convalescent. 



L' 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 

The gentleman who called here on Saturday^ has called again. 

The gentleman has called again — Intransitive predication. 

Who called here — Intransitive predication. 

On Saturday — Prepositional phrase. 

Who is a relative pronoun, and relates to the antecedent gen- 
tleman, is masculine gender, singular number, third person,' and 
agrees with gentleman. Rule. Pronouns must agree with their 
antecedents, or the nouns for which they stand, in gender, number, 
and person. Who is nominative case to called. Rule. The 
agent which introduces the verb into the sentence, must be in 
the nominative case. 



20 



230 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

The wolves which were so troublesome, have disappeared. 

I have bought ten bushels of potatoes, which are very good. 

She brought with her a little child, which was exceedingly 
beautiful. 

We fell in with the very stranger that had been so kind to us. 

We should be intimate with no person who is vicious in con- 
duct, or violent in temper. 

This man indulges in vices that are destructive of health. 

INTRANSITIVE POST-SUBSTANTIVE PREDICATION. 

I do not know who he is. 

I cannot respect such a man, let him be who he may. 

This gentleman, who is an excellent financier, has been made 
president of the bank. 

The shepherd's dog, which is a remarkably sagacious animal, 
has been lately introduced into this country. 

The church, which has ever been the foster-mother of learn- 
ing, must still be relied on for its spread among the people. 

It was he that was the originator of this project. 

TRANSITIVE PREDICATION. 

A person who cultivates a farm, is a farmer. 

The stranger whom you admired so much, is a Kentuckian. 

The giraffe, which commands such crowds of visitors, was 
caught in the wilds of Africa. 

The paintings which we have been inspecting, are productions 
of great merit. 

We have not learned who committed the blunder. 

I do not know whom I shall support for the presidency. 

The mob which committed such depredations, was put down 
by the military. 

The clergyman whom the vestry engaged, has arrived. 

Note. — In the sentence, I do not know who he is, and in that which im- 
mediately follows it, who has properly no antecedent. In the former, who \ 
is nominative case after is, and in the latter, after may be. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 231 



I reside on the same farm that my father redeemed from the 
wilderness. 

The man and the camel that attract so much attention, both 
came from Arabia. 

Was it thou or the dog that opened the door. 

He gained the wife and fortune that he sought. 

It is you and I that must bear the brunt of this difficulty. 

PASSIVE PREDICATION. 

My nephew, who was sent to England to be educated, has re- 
turned an accomplished scholar. 

The cattle that were sent to market by my neighbor, were 
sold at high prices. 

The engines which are constructed at this manufactory, are 
remarkably well finished. 

The review that is conducted by this gentleman, is well sus- 
tained by the public. 

We do not know who were nominated for the assembly. 

We intend to visit the school that is so well conducted here. 

The book which I have mentioned, is the best work that has 
been written on the subject. 

THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF who AND which APPLIED IN THE 
PREDICATIONS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The old gentleman whose farm lies beyond those woods, is 
displeased with the boys, because they rob his orchard. 

The lady whose portrait is so beautiful in your estimation, is 
herself at my house. 

A lad, whose father is a man of distinction, has been arrested 
for arson. 

This is the fawn whose dam you shot, when you were here last. 

Is there any other doctrine whose followers are punished ? 
" These are the agonies of love, 
Whose miseries deliorht." 



232 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Who AND which applied in prepositional phrases. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Such are the politicians against whom we declaim. 

A clergyman of whom I have heard much commendation, is 
to preach for us to-morrow. 

I do not know the name of the stranger to whom I am indebt- 
ed for this favor. 

The road on which we are travelling, needs many repairs. 

The means through which this political ascendency has been 
obtained, are thought, by the opposite party, to be dishonorable. 

There lies the steamboat about which there has been so much 
litigation. 

Here is a pit from which coal is obtained. 

Whose AND of which exhibited in contrast. 

The use of whose as the possessive case of which, is established 
by good usage ; yet it is generally more elegant to use which 
with the preposition o/. 

I have bought a mill whose owner had become bankrupt. 

I have bought a mill the owner of which had become bank- 
rupt. 

There has been no other religion whose professors have been 
so much persecuted. 

There has been no other religion the professors of which have 
been so much persecuted. 

This is the fawn whose dam you shot. 

This is the fawn the dam of which you shot. 

Who, which, and that, applied in infinitive phrases. 

I called on the gentleman whom my father requested me to 
invite to dinner. 

This merchant has purchased a large stock of goods, which 
he appears resolved to sell at low prices. 

These are the very sentiments that you ought to express. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 233 



I own several town lots which I am anxious to exchange for 
a good farm. 

The savages brought out the prisoners that they had determin- 
ed to torture. 

He is not the man that I took him to be. 

Whoy which, and thaty in prepositional gerundive phrases. 

The bishop has sent the preacher whom you are so fond of 
hearing. 

The lad has committed a fault which he is incapable of con- 
cealing. 

My curious friend has heard of a stupendous cave, which he 
is resolved on visiting. 

The farm that I think of buying, lies near Rochester. 

The curiosities which we shall have the pleasure of inspect- 
ing, are said to be very rare. 

PREDICATIONS INTRODUCED BY RELATIVE PRONOUNS CONNECTED 

BY and^ OR or. 
Two or more predications introduced by relative pronouns, 
may be connected by and^ or or. When several relative clauses 
are thus connected, the same pronoun should be employed in each. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The lady of whom you spake, and whom you appear to ad- 
mire, has returned to the country. 



EXAMPLES OFPARSING. 
I called on the gentleman whom my father requested me 
to invite to dinner. 
I called. — Intransitive predication. 
On the gentleman — Prepositional phrase. 
Whom to invite — Transitive infinitive phrase. 
My father requested me — Transitive predication. 
To dinner — Prepositional phrase. 
'[Vhom is a relative pronoun, &c, 

20» ""^ 



234 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



The youth whose name you have mentioned, and whom you 
have commended so cordially, is a son of a neighbor of mine. 

Persons who have been well instructed in Christian principles, 
or who feel deeply conscious of moral responsibility, will not fly 
into a passion at real or fancied insults. 

I have just purchased the little plantation, which I fancied so 
much, and which you thought to be so valuable. 

I am the Lord that maketh all things, that stretcheth forth 
the heavens alone, and that spreadeth abroad the earth. 

The God whose I am, and whom I serve, is eternal. 

God is the sovereign of the universe, whose majesty ought to 
fill us with awe, to whom we owe all possible reverence, and 
whom we are bound to obey. 

The property which you have been inspecting, and which you 
are resolved on buying, will soon be offered at public sale. 

The school which was established here about fifty years ago, 
and in which a great number of persons have been educated, is 
still in a flourishing condition. 

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Who Which What 

These words are denominated interrogative pronouns, 
when they are used for interrogation without a following 
noun to which they belong. They agree in gender, 
number, and person with words which are implied or ex- 
pressed in the answers to the questions which they assist 
in proposing. 

Who is applied to persons only. Which and what are applied 
to persons, brute animals, and inanimate things. 

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS APPLIED IN THE PREDICATIONS. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Who is there ? Who is righteous ? 

Which comes next ? Which is preferable ? 



hazen's practical grammar. 235 

What will become of us? What will be satisfactory ? 

Who art thou ? Who can be pleased ? 

Which is mine ? Which has been elected ? 

What is the matter ? What can be done ? 

Who cuts the wood? Whose hat lies there ? 

Whom did you see ? Whose goods are ready ? 
Which answers the purpose? Whose boy are you? 

Which shall I take ? Whose farm have you bought ? 

What will please you ? Whose horse won the race ? 

What do you prefer ? Whose house was sold ? 

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS APPLIED IN PHRASES. 

In whom do you trust in such difficult circumstances ? 

To which of the measures of the party are you opposed ? 

About what are you making such an ado ? 

Whom have the people determined to send to this convention ? 

Which of these two men are you willing to trust ? 

What do you anticipate doing in such an emergency? 

Whom has the governor resolved on appointing? 

What are we to do in such cases ? 

THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Which What 

These words are denominated interrogative adjective 
pronouns, when they are used for interrogation before 
nouns to which they belong. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

Which lad ought to be punished ? 
What subject is to be on the tapis next ? 
Which lady is the most intelligent ? 
What book would be most interesting ? 
Which professor is the best linguist? 
What part of speech is the word table ? 
Which horn of the dilemma shall we take? 



236 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

What apology shall I make for my delinquency 7 

Which candidate will be elected ? 

What measure should be adopted in this emergency ? 

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS APPLIED IN PHRASES. 

In what vessel did your friend sail ? 

Against which faction does this writer employ his pen? 

Which party have you determined to support ? 

What advantage do you hope to gain by such severity ? 

What course have you resolved on pursuing ? 

THE COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
What Whoever 

Whatever Whosoever 

Whatsoever Whoso 

These words are thus denominated, when they include 
in themselves the force of an antecedent and a relative. 
They sustain the relations of the words which they rep- 
resent. 

What, whatever, and whatsoever, are each equivalent in con- 
struction to that which, the thing which, those which, or the things 
which. 

Whoever, whosoever, and whoso, are each equivalent in con- 
struction to he who, or they who. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

The applause of the multitude is what most gratifies his vanity. 

What most gratifies his vanity, is the applause of the multi- 
tude. 

The hope of eternal life is what best sustains the Christian 
under severe calamities. 

What best sustains the Christian under severe calamities, is 
the hope of eternal life. 

You may purchase what you want. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 237 

What you want, you may purchase. 

He will always say what he may think appropriate. 

What he may think appropriate, he will always say. 

The author dictates what the amanuensis writes. 

What he had gained by diligence, he lost by extravagance. 

This instrument is what we want. 

What we want, is this instrument. 

The arrival of the steam-ship is what he awaits. 

What he awaits, is the arrival of the steam-ship. 

What cannot be prevented, must be endured. 

Whatever purifies, fortifies the heart. 

Whatever has been ordained by God, must be right. 

Some politicians will advocate whatever appears to be popular. 

Whatever appears to be popular, some politicians will advocate. 

I will write whatever you may dictate. 

Whatever you may dictate, I will write. 

We should approve whatever may be excellent even in an 
enemy. 

Whatever he found difficult at first, he overcame by application. 

Whatsoever he doeth, shall prosper. 

Whoever would be happy, must abstain from vice. 

Whatsoever might be applied in all the examples in which 
whatever has been used, though not with equal elegance. As a 
compound relative, whatsoever is but little used. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
The applause of the multitude is what most gratifies his vanity. 
What is a compound relative pronoun, and is a substitute for 
that which, or the thing which. It is nominative case after is. 
Rule. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, 
when both words refer to the same thing. What is also nomina- 
tive case to gratifies. Rule. The agent which introduces the 
verb into the sentence, must be in the nominative case. In the 
next sentence, what is nominative case to both gratifies and is. 



238 HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Whoever drinks ardent spirits, is in danger of becoming; a sot. 
Whoever hates study, will be an ignoramus. 
Whoever indulges in petty slander, is contemptible. 
The society will receive whomever the bishop may appoint. 
Whosoever loveth instruction, loveth knowledge. 
Whosoever mocketh the poor, reproacheth his Maker. 
Whosoever keepeth the law, is a wise son. 
Whosoever will, may come. 

Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue, keepeth his soul 
from trouble. 

Whoso walketh uprightly, shall be saved. 
I shall select whomsoever I may fancy. 

THE COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS APPLIED IN THE PHRASES. 

We will reflect on what should be done. 

You will not object to what is reasonable. 

There is something overwhelming in whatever inspires us 
with awe. 

I will abide by whatever the arbitrators shall say is just. 

Having learned what had displeased him, I was not surprised 
at what he had said. 

What I have paid being indorsed on the note, I shall not be 
obliged to pay it over again. 

The lad, seeing what he had done, was greatly alarmed. 

Advocating what we do not believe to be true, is generally 
improper, as well as injudicious. 

His having charged what was right, when he might have been 
extortionate, is a strong proof of general honesty of purpose. 

His buying whatever he pleased on his father's account, tend- 
ed to make him a spendthrift. 

In effecting what I have done, I have taxed my energies to 
their utmost limit. 

It is but fair to hear what may be said on the other side. 

I have determined to do, in this case, whatever may be re- 
quired by law. 



HAZEN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 239 



THE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Adjective pronouns are definitive words placed before 
nouns, to modify their application. 

The classification of the adjective pronouns, and the method 
of parsing them, may be found on pages 41,42, and 43. 

Examples for Parsing and Imitation. 

We cannot determine which plan would be best. 

Which ship will sail first, the agent, could not tell. 

We cannot determine what plan would be best. 

What ship would sail first, the agent could not tell. 

I know not what impression time may have made upon your 
person. 

What impression time may have made upon your person, I 
cannot tell. 

He will meet with obstructions, let him take whichever road 
he may. 

I will acquiesce in whatever agreement he may make in re- 
lation to this matter. 

We should endeavor to do what good we can during our 
earthly pilgrimage. 

This youth appears to be bent on doing what mischief he can. 



EXAMPLES OF PARSING. 
We cannot determine which plan would he best. 

We cannot determine which plan — Transitive predication. 

Which plan would be best — Intransitive post-adjective pied. 

Which is a definitive adjective pronoun, and belongs \o plan. 

Rule. Adjective pronouns belong to nouns. 

Plan is a common noun, neuter gender, singular number, 
third person, objective case, and is governed by can determine. 
Rule. Transitive verbs govern the objective case. P/ayzisalso 
nominative case to would be. Rule. The agent which introdu- 
ces the verb into the sentence, must be in the nominative case. 



APPENDIX. 

As and than are said, by many grammarians, to be sometimes 
relative pronouns; but there appears to be no necessity for di- 
verting these words from the classes to which they properly be- 
long. The sentences in which they are supposed to be relative 
pronouns, are elliptical, and, in parsing them, the ellipsis should 
be supplied ; as in the following examples. 

The people will elect such men as they like. 

The people will elect such men as those are whom they like. 

She is as handsome a lady as I have seen. 

She is as handsome a lady as any lady whom I have seen. 

My brother has bought more apples than are needed. 

My brother has bought more apples than the apples which 
are needed. 

ELLIPSIS OF THE PREPOSITION. 

There is sometimes an ellipsis of the preposition, as in the fol- 
lowing examples. 

The horse ran a mile. 

The horse ran through the space of a mile. 

I remained there a year 

I remained there during a year. 

He went home last September. 

He went to his home in last September. 

He wrote me a letter. 

He wrote to me a letter. 

You must buy him a grammar. 

You must buy for him a grammar. 

My knife is worth a dollar. 

My knife is, in worth, a dollar. 

The wall is seven feet high. 

The wall is high through seven feet 



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